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Charge Independence and Charge Symmetry

Gerald A. Miller, Willem T. H. van Oers

nucl-tharXiv:nucl-th/9409013

Abstract

Charge independence and charge symmetry are approximate symmetries of nature, violated by the perturbing effects of the mass difference between up and down quarks and by electromagnetic interactions. The observations of the symmetry breaking effects in nuclear and particle physics and the implications of those effects are reviewed.

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