Mode coupling and conversion at anticrossings treated via stationary perturbation technique

Abstract

Intermodal interactions displayed through the phenomena of mode coupling and conversion in optical systems are treated by means of the Lindstedt-Poincare perturbation method of strained parameters more widely known in classical quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry as the stationary perturbation technique. The focus here is on the mode conversion at the points of virtual phase matching (otherwise called anticrossings or avoided crossings) associated with the maximum conversion efficiency. The method is shown to provide a convenient tool to deal with intermodal interactions at anticrossings -- interactions induced by any kind of perturbation in dielectric index profile of the waveguide, embracing optical inhomogeneity, magnetization of arbitrary orientation, and nonlinearity. Closed-form analytic expressions are derived for the minimum value of mode mismatch and for the length of complete mode conversion (the coupling length, or the beat length) in generic waveguiding systems exhibiting anticrossings. Demonstrating the effectiveness of the method, these general expressions are further applied to the case of TE -- TM mode conversion in (i) a multilayer gyrotropic waveguide under piecewise-constant, arbitrarily oriented magnetization, and (ii) an optically-inhomogeneous planar dielectric waveguide -- an example which the standard coupled-mode theory fails to describe.