Entropy in the natural time-domain

Abstract

A surrogate data analysis is presented, which is based on the fluctuations of the ``entropy'' $S$ defined in the natural time-domain [Phys. Rev. E {\bf 68}, 031106, 2003]. This entropy is not a static one as, for example, the Shannon entropy. The analysis is applied to three types of time-series, i.e., seismic electric signals, ``artificial'' noises and electrocardiograms, and ``recognizes'' the non-Markovianity in all these signals. Furthermore, it differentiates the electrocardiograms of healthy humans from those of the sudden cardiac death ones. If $δS$ and $δS_{shuf}$ denote the standard deviation when calculating the entropy by means of a time-window sweeping through the original data and the ``shuffled'' (randomized) data, respectively, it seems that the ratio $δS_{shuf}/δS$ plays a key-role. The physical meaning of $δS_{shuf}$ is investigated.