High-Order Harmonic Generation in Laser-Irradiated Homonuclear Diatomics: The Velocity Gauge Version of Molecular Strong-Field Approximation

Abstract

The generation of high harmonics in laser-irradiated light homonuclear diatomics (H2+, N2 and O2) compared to that in atomic counterparts (of nearly identical binding energy) is studied within the velocity gauge version of conventional strong-field approximation. The applied strong-field approach (we alternatively developed earlier to incorporate rescattering effects beyond the conventional saddle-point approximation) is currently extended to molecular case by means of supplement the standard linear combination of atomic orbitals} and molecular orbitals method. The associated model proved to adequately reproduce a general shape and detailed structure of molecular harmonic spectra, which demonstrate a number of remarkable distinctive differences from respective atomic spectra calculated under the same laser pulses. The revealed differences are found to be strongly dependent on internuclear separation and also very sensitive to the orbital and bonding symmetry of contributing molecular valence shell. In particular, the model correctly predicts the behavior of high-frequency plateau (both for its extent and even details of structure) in molecular harmonic spectra at small (nearly equilibrium) and large internuclear separations. In addition, for some group of harmonics, the harmonic emission rates were ascertained to dominate by contribution from inner molecular shells of higher binding energy and different orbital symmetry compared to the outermost molecular orbital normally predominantly contributing.