Are residues in a protein folding nucleus evolutionarily conserved?

Abstract

It is important to understand how protein folding and evolution influences each other. Several studies based on entropy calculation correlating experimental measurement of residue participation in folding nucleus and sequence conservation have reached different conclusions. Here we report analysis of conservation of folding nucleus using an evolutionary model alternative to entropy based approaches. We employ a continuous time Markov model of codon substitution to distinguish mutation fixed by evolution and mutation fixed by chance. This model takes into account bias in codon frequency, bias favoring transition over transversion, as well as explicit phylogenetic information. We measure selection pressure using the ratio $\omega$ of synonymous vs. non-synonymous substitution at individual residue site. The $\omega$-values are estimated using the {\sc Paml} method, a maximum-likelihood estimator. Our results show that there is little correlation between the extent of kinetic participation in protein folding nucleus as measured by experimental $\phi$-value and selection pressure as measured by $\omega$-value. In addition, two randomization tests failed to show that folding nucleus residues are significantly more conserved than the whole protein. These results suggest that at the level of codon substitution, there is no indication that folding nucleus residues are significantly more conserved than other residues. We further reconstruct candidate ancestral residues of the folding nucleus and suggest possible test tube mutation studies of ancient folding nucleus.