Quantum Key Distribution Using Equiangular Spherical Codes

Abstract

Mutually unbiased bases have been extensively studied in the literature and are simple and effective in quantum key distribution protocols, but they are not optimal. Here equiangular spherical codes are introduced as a more efficient and robust resource for key distribution. Such codes are sets of states that are as evenly spaced throughout the vector space as possible. In the case the two parties use qubits and face the intercept/resend eavesdropping strategy, they can make use of three equally-spaced states, called a \emph{trine}, to outperform the original four-state BB84 protocol in both speed and reliability. This points toward the optimality of spherical codes in arbitrary dimensions.