Four-photon correction in two-photon Bell experiments

Abstract

Correlated photons produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion are an essential tool for quantum communication, especially suited for long-distance connections. To have a reasonable count rate after all the losses in the propagation and the filters needed to improve the coherence, it is convenient to increase the intensity of the laser that pumps the non-linear crystal. By doing so, however, the importance of the four-photon component of the down-converted field increases, thus degrading the quality of two-photon interferences. In this paper, we present an easy derivation of this nuisance valid for any form of entanglement generated by down-conversion, followed by a full study of the problem for time-bin entanglement. We find that the visibility of two-photon interferences decreases as V=1-2ρ, where ρis, in usual situations, the probability per pulse of creating a detectable photon pair. In particular, the decrease of V is independent of the coherence of the four-photon term. Thanks to the fact that ρcan be measured independently of V, the experimental verification of our prediction is provided for two different configuration of filters.