Tensor products of convex sets and the volume of separable states on N qudits

Abstract

This note deals with estimating the volume of the set of separable mixed quantum states when the dimension of the state space grows to infinity. This has been studied recently for qubits; here we consider larger particles and conclude that, in all cases, the proportion of the states that are separable is super-exponentially small in the dimension of the set. We also show that the partial transpose criterion becomes imprecise when the dimension increases, and that the lower bound $6^{-N/2}$ on the (Hilbert-Schmidt) inradius of the set of separable states on N qubits obtained recently by Gurvits and Barnum is essentially optimal. We employ standard tools of classical convexity, high-dimensional probability and geometry of Banach spaces. One relatively non-standard point is a formal introduction of the concept of projective tensor products of convex bodies, and an initial study of this concept. PACS numbers: 03.65.Ud, 03.67.Mn, 03.65.Db, 02.40.Ft, 02.50.Cw MSC-class: 46B28, 47B10, 47L05, 52A38, 81P68