Dispersive forces on bodies and atoms: a unified approach

Abstract

A unified approach to the calculation of dispersive forces on ground-state bodies and atoms is given. It is based on the ground-state Lorentz force density acting on the charge and current densities attributed to the polarization and magnetization in linearly, locally, and causally responding media. The theory is applied to dielectric macro- and micro-objects, including single atoms. Existing formulas valid for weakly polarizable matter are generalized to allow also for strongly polarizable matter. In particular when micro-objects can be regarded as single atoms, well-known formulas for the Casimir-Polder force on atoms and the van der Waals interaction between atoms are recovered. It is shown that the force acting on medium atoms--in contrast to isolated atoms--is in general screened by the other medium atoms.