Threshold quantum cryptograph based on Grover's algorithm

Abstract

Grover's operator in the two-qubit case can transform a basis into its conjugated basis. A permutation operator can transform a state in the two conjugated bases into its orthogonal state. These properties are included in a threshold quantum protocol. The proposed threshold quantum protocol is secure based the proof that the legitimate participators can only eavesdrop 2 bits of 3 bits operation information on one two-qubit with error probability 3/8. We propose a scheme to detect the Trojan horse attack without destroying the legal qubit.