October 2025 arXiv papers — page 95

Adyasha Dash, Giulia Zappoli, Laya Das, Robert Riener

Robust and accurate decoding of gesture from non-invasive surface electromyography (sEMG) is important for various applications including spatial computing, healthcare, and entertainment, and has been actively pursued by researchers and industry. Majority of sEMG-based gesture decoding algorithms employ deep neural networks that are designed for Euclidean da

Rui Guan, Jingchun Yu, Zhaoyun Li, Hongbo Xie

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic technique that uses quantum mechanical principles to enable secure key exchange. Practical deployment of QKD requires robust, cost-effective systems that can operate in challenging field environments. A major challenge is achieving reliable clock synchronization without adding hardware complexity. Conventiona

Anindya Biswas

We study the role of Carath\'eodory extremal functions in the Schur-Agler class generated by a collection of test functions. We show that under certain conditions, $\mathbb{D}$ and $\mathbb{D}^2$ are the only domains where finitely many test functions can generate the Schur class. As applications, we give a description of the Carath\'eodory extremals in the

Gianmaria Viola, Alessandro Della Pia, Lucia Russo, Ioannis Kevrekidis

We propose a three-tier machine learning framework based on the next-generation Equation-Free algorithm for learning the spatio-temporal dynamics of mass-constrained complex systems with hidden states, whose dynamics can in principle be described by PDEs, but lack explicit models. In the first step, we employ Diffusion Maps (DMs), a nonlinear manifold learni

Jan Hladký, Petr Savický

We introduce an inhomogeneous variant of random 2-SAT. Each variable $v_1,\ldots,v_n$ is assigned a type from a state space $\Lambda$, independently at random. Clause inclusion is governed by a symmetric measurable kernel $W$ on $(\Lambda \times \{+,-\})^2$, in analogy with the inhomogeneous random graph model of Bollob\'as, Janson, and Riordan: given litera

Stein Meereboer

We study based one-dimensional modules of quantum symmetric pairs over the field $\mathbb{Q}(q)$. We provide a complete classification of one-dimensional $\mathbf{B}$-modules that appear as submodules of simple finite-dimensional based $\mathbf{U}$-modules and determine the corresponding branching rules. The main result of this paper shows that the correspon

Xiangbo Deng, Cheng Chen, Peng Yang

Detecting regime shifts in chaotic time series is hard because observation-space signals are entangled with intrinsic variability. We propose Parameter--Space Changepoint Detection (Param--CPD), a two--stage framework that first amortizes Bayesian inference of governing parameters with a neural posterior estimator trained by simulation-based inference, and t

Hidekazu Kurebayashi, Giovanni Finocchio, Karin Everschor-Sitte, Jack C. Gartside

Spin-based computing is emerging as a powerful approach for energy-efficient and high-performance solutions to future data processing hardware. Spintronic devices function by electrically manipulating the collective dynamics of the electron spin, that is inherently non-volatile, nonlinear and fast-operating, and can couple to other degrees of freedom such as

Joseph McInerney, Khanh-Tung Tran, Liam Lonergan, Ailbhe Ní Chasaide

Large language model (LLM) research and development has overwhelmingly focused on the world's major languages, leading to under-representation of low-resource languages such as Irish. This paper introduces \textbf{Qomhr\'a}, a bilingual Irish and English LLM, developed under extremely low-resource constraints. A complete pipeline is outlined spanning bilingu

Sébastien Thuau, Siba Haidar, Ayush Bajracharya, Rachid Chelouah

We examine frugal federated learning approaches to violence detection by comparing two complementary strategies: (i) zero-shot and federated fine-tuning of vision-language models (VLMs), and (ii) personalized training of a compact 3D convolutional neural network (CNN3D). Using LLaVA-7B and a 65.8M parameter CNN3D as representative cases, we evaluate accuracy

Athanasios Angelakis, Amne Mousa, Micah L. A. Heldeweg, Laurens A. Biesheuvel

Differentiating cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (CPE) from non-cardiogenic and structurally normal lungs in lung ultrasound (LUS) videos remains challenging due to the high visual variability of non-cardiogenic inflammatory patterns (NCIP/ARDS-like), interstitial lung disease, and healthy lungs. This heterogeneity complicates automated classification as overlap

Zhi-Kai Pong, Mohan Wang, Ji Qin, Martin J. Booth

A method is presented for fabrication of femtosecond laser written waveguides in glass to remove the need for polishing of substrates after processing. It is shown that by amplitude masking the fabrication laser beam near the sample edge and increasing the pulse energy it is possible to write waveguides that are not affected by edge aberrations and display m

Kyuseong Choi, Gabriella Ciolek

We consider Gaussian and bootstrap approximations for the supremum of additive functionals of aperiodic Harris recurrent Markov chains. The supremum is taken over a function class that may depend on the sample size, which allows for non-Donsker settings; that is, the empirical process need not have a weak limit in the space of bounded functions. We first est

P. Brach del Prever, P. Testolina, A. Masihi, S. Petrushkevich

We analyze the open-loop mechanical tracking performance of a sub-Terahertz (sub-THz) and Terahertz (THz) uplink communication system. These high-frequency bands enable multi-gigabit links through large bandwidths and narrow beams, but require precise pointing to overcome spreading loss. A tracking system can be used to orient horn antennas toward mobile tar

Sebastian Schmitt, Amr Elmarassy, Michele Atzeni, Eluned Smith

This work investigates the prospects for performing a time-dependent angular analysis of $B_s^0 \rightarrow \phi \mu^+\mu^-$ decays at hadron colliders, and introduces new optimised angular observables associated with $B_s^0$-mixing in the decay rate. The time-dependent normalised decay rate and corresponding probability density function is presented both fo

Ce Jin, Tomasz Kociumaka

The classic exact pattern matching problem, given two strings -- a pattern $P$ of length $m$ and a text $T$ of length $n$ -- asks whether $P$ occurs as a substring of $T$. A property tester for the problem needs to distinguish (with high probability) the following two cases for some threshold $k$: the YES case, where $P$ occurs as a substring of $T$, and the

Zexian Huang, Mashnoon Islam, Brian Armstrong, Billy Bell

Historic dry-stone walls hold significant cultural and environmental importance, serving as historical markers and contributing to ecosystem preservation and wildfire management during dry seasons in Australia. However, many of these stone structures in remote or vegetated landscapes remain undocumented due to limited accessibility and the high cost of manua

Júlio P. A. Santos, Margarida M. Telo da Gama, Rodrigo C. V. Coelho

We investigate the dynamics of elastic capsules suspended in two-dimensional active nematic fluids using lattice Boltzmann simulations. The capsules, modeled as flexible membranes enclosing active internal regions, exhibit a rich variety of behaviors shaped by their geometry and the interplay between internal and external activity. Circular capsules with act

Alkida Balliu, Sebastian Brandt, Ole Gabsdil, Dennis Olivetti

Recent work on distributed graph algorithms [e.g. STOC 2022, ITCS 2022, PODC 2020] has drawn attention to the following open question: are round elimination fixed points a universal technique for proving lower bounds? That is, given a locally checkable problem $\Pi$ that requires at least $\Omega(\log n)$ rounds in the deterministic LOCAL model, can we alway

Qingchuan Yang, Simon Mahns, Sida Li, Anri Gu

Forecasting is not only a fundamental intellectual pursuit but also is of significant importance to societal systems such as finance and economics. With the rapid advances of large language models (LLMs) trained on Internet-scale data, it raises the promise of employing LLMs to forecast real-world future events, an emerging paradigm we call "LLM-as-a-Prophet

Alessandro Veutro, Irene Di Palma, Angela Zegarelli

Core collapse supernovae are among the most energetic astrophysical events in the Universe. Despite huge efforts on understanding the main ingredients triggering such explosions, we still lack of compelling evidences for the precise mechanism driving those phenomena. They are expected to produce gravitational waves due to asymmetric mass motions in the colla

Dionyssios Mantzavinos, Türker Özsarı, Kemal Cem Yılmaz

In this paper, we study the well-posedness and boundary stabilization of the initial-boundary value problem for the complex Ginzburg-Landau (CGL) equation on a finite interval. First, we establish a local well-posedness theory for the open loop model in $L^2$-based fractional Sobolev spaces in the case of Dirichlet-Neumann type inhomogeneous mixed boundary c

Landon Johnson, Walter Malone, Jason Rizk, Renai Chen

The formation and subsequent growth of structural defects in an irradiated material can strongly influence the material's performance in technological and industrial applications. Predicting how the growth of defects affects material performance is therefore a pressing problem in materials science. One common computational approach that is used to examine de

Jean Gasnier

We produce curves with a record number of points over the finite fields with $4$, $9$, $16$ and $25$ elements, as unramified abelian covers of algebraic curves.

Y. Ahmadi, M. V. Takook

The interaction between three photons is studied in de Sitter ambient space formalism. As a special case the half harmonic generator is considered, {\it i.e.} one photon decays to two same-energy photons. The scattering matrix elements are presented which define the indirect gravitational effect on quantum field theory. The null curvature limit of scattering

Gianluca Paolini, Davide Emilio Quadrellaro

We prove that, for every Coxeter diagram $D$ with no rank $3$ residues of spherical type and such that $D$ has not only edges labelled by $2$, the space of countable (Tits) buildings of type $D$ is Borel complete, that is, classifying countable buildings of type $D$ up to isomorphism is as hard as classifying countable graphs up to isomorphism. In particular

Chenran Pan, Weifan Wang, Runrun Liu

For a graph $G$ with a list assignment $L$ and two $L$-colorings $\alpha$ and $\beta$, an $L$-recoloring sequence from $\alpha$ to $\beta$ is a sequence of proper $L$-colorings where consecutive colorings differ at exactly one vertex. We prove the existence of such a recoloring sequence in which every vertex is recolored at most a constant number of times un

Jiahao Tang, Henry Hengyuan Zhao, Lijian Wu, Zijian Zhang

We introduce Chart2Code, a new benchmark for evaluating the chart understanding and code generation capabilities of large multimodal models (LMMs). Chart2Code is explicitly designed from a user-driven perspective, capturing diverse real-world scenarios and progressively increasing task difficulty. It consists of three levels: Level 1 (Chart Reproduction) rep

Hui-Min Zhang, Cheng-Ao Ji, Tong Zhu, Hongjun Xiang

We present a comprehensive theoretical investigation of magnetoelectric (ME) coupling mechanisms in 19 altermagnetic and 4 ferrimagnetic Type-I multiferroics using electronic band structure calculations with spin-orbit coupling, a first-principles ME response framework, and spin-space-group theory analysis. We formulate a universal scheme for realizing nonvo

Frédéric LIN, Biruk Abere Ambaw, Adrian Popescu, Hejer Ammar

AI systems must adapt to evolving visual environments, especially in domains where object appearances change over time. We introduce Car Models in Time (CaMiT), a fine-grained dataset capturing the temporal evolution of car models, a representative class of technological artifacts. CaMiT includes 787K labeled samples of 190 car models (2007-2023) and 5.1M un

Andrew Bowne

Unlike other military technologies driven by national security needs and developed with federal funding, AI is predominantly funded and advanced by commercial industry for civilian applications. However, there is a lack of understanding of the reasons commercial AI firms decide to work with the DoD or choose to abstain from the defence market. This thesis ar

Jaehyup Seong, Byungju Lee, Aryan Kaushik, Wonjae Shin

This paper proposes a novel space-time rate-splitting multiple access (ST-RSMA) framework for multibeam low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications (SATCOM) systems, where space-time coding is integrated into the common stream transmission. This design enables full diversity gain in the common stream transmission for all users, regardless of the uncertain

Felix Engelhardt, Jannis Kurtz, Ş. İlker Birbil, Ted Ralphs

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) offer a human-understandable way to explain decisions by identifying specific changes to the input parameters of a base or present model that would lead to a desired change in the outcome. For optimization models, CEs have primarily been studied in limited contexts and little research has been done on CEs for general integer

Christiane K. M. Klein

In this paper, we discuss the Unruh state for a free scalar quantum field on Kerr-de Sitter under the assumption of mode stability. We summarise the proof of its Hadamard property that was previously given in [C.Klein, Annales Henri Poincar\'e 24 (2023) 7, 2401-2442] for sufficiently small black-hole rotation and cosmological constant, and show how it can be

Hongyi Duan, Haoyang Liu, Jian'an Zhang, Fengrui Liu

We present a JIT PL semantics for ReLU-type networks that compiles models into a guarded CPWL transducer with shared guards. The system adds hyperplanes only when operands are affine on the current cell, maintains global lower/upper envelopes, and uses a budgeted branch-and-bound. We obtain anytime soundness, exactness on fully refined cells, monotone progre

Vincenzo Carletti, Pasquale Foggia, Carlo Mazzocca, Giuseppe Parrella

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative training of Machine Learning (ML) models across multiple clients while preserving their privacy. Rather than sharing raw data, federated clients transmit locally computed updates to train the global model. Although this paradigm should provide stronger privacy guarantees than centralized ML, client updates remain

Nayab Gogosh, Sohail Khalid, Bilal Tariq Malik, Slawomir Koziel

This research investigates the potential of a sectoral Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) for biomedical telemetry. CDRAs are known for their low loss, ruggedness, and stability, but their limited bandwidth and size make them unsuitable for wearable devices. The research addresses these limitations by proposing a dual mode antenna that operates

Matteo Palmieri

We investigate when the Bergman metric of a bounded domain is, up to a constant factor $\lambda$, induced by the Bergman metric of a finite-dimensional unit ball $\mathbb{B}^N$ via a holomorphic isometric immersion. For a strictly pseudoconvex domain in $\mathbb{C}^2$ we prove rigidity: if such an immersion extends smoothly and transversally past the boundar

Hendric Voss, Stefan Kopp

Human communication combines speech with expressive nonverbal cues such as hand gestures that serve manifold communicative functions. Yet, current generative gesture generation approaches are restricted to simple, repetitive beat gestures that accompany the rhythm of speaking but do not contribute to communicating semantic meaning. This paper tackles a core

Nelson Schuback

A Brouwer homeomorphism is a fixed-point free, orientation-preserving homeomorphism of the plane. A foundational result of Le Calvez establishes that every such homeomorphism $f$ admits an oriented planar foliation $\mathcal{F}$ such that every point $x \in \mathbb{R}^2$ can be connected to its image $f(x)$ by a path positively transverse to $\mathcal{F}$. T

F. T. Brandt, J. Frenkel, S. Martins-Filho, D. G. C. McKeon

We derive a general relation between the background effective actions, which directly proves that the two formulations of the Einstein-Hilbert theory with background fields are equivalent at the quantum level. This basic result has been substantiated in a general background gauge, by explicit calculations at one-loop order of the corresponding counterterm La

Praphul Singh, Corey Barrett, Sumana Srivasta, Irfan Bulu

Clinicians need ranking systems that work in real time and still justify their choices. Motivated by the need for a low-latency, decoder-based reranker, we present OG-Rank, a single-decoder approach that pairs a pooled first-token scoring signal with an uncertainty-gated explanation step. The model scores all candidates in one pass and generates a brief, str

MohammadHossein Alishahi, Ming Zeng, Paul Fortier, Ji Wang

The increasing demand for cost-effective, high-speed Internet of Things (IoT) applications in the coming sixth-generation (6G) networks has driven research toward maximizing spectral efficiency and simplifying hardware designs. In this context, we investigate the sum rate maximization problem for a mode-switching discrete-phase shifters simultaneously transm

Jia Guo, Shuai Lu, Lei Fan, Zelin Li

Unsupervised anomaly detection (UAD) has evolved from building specialized single-class models to unified multi-class models, yet existing multi-class models significantly underperform the most advanced one-for-one counterparts. Moreover, the field has fragmented into specialized methods tailored to specific scenarios (multi-class, 3D, few-shot, etc.), creat

Siqi Chen, Shanyue Guan

The advancement of UAV technology has enabled efficient, non-contact structural health monitoring. Combined with photogrammetry, UAVs can capture high-resolution scans and reconstruct detailed 3D models of infrastructure. However, a key challenge remains in segmenting specific structural components from these models-a process traditionally reliant on time-co

Gitte Kremling, Francesco Iafrate, Mahsa Taheri, Johannes Lederer

Score-based generative modeling, implemented through probability flow ODEs, has shown impressive results in numerous practical settings. However, most convergence guarantees rely on restrictive regularity assumptions on the target distribution -- such as strong log-concavity or bounded support. This work establishes non-asymptotic convergence bounds in the 2

Yoel Groman

We study the relation between two versions of symplectic cohomology associated to a Liouville domain $D$ embedded in a symplectic manifold $M$: the ambient version $SC^*_M(D)$ defined over the Novikov field and depending on the embedding, and the intrinsic version $SC^*_{\theta}(D)$ depending on the choice of a local Liouville form and defined over the groun

Claudio Bellani, Simon Mellaerts, Wei-Fan Hsu, Koen Schouteden

Ordered corundum oxides introduce new prospects in the field of functional oxides thin films, complementing the more widely studied class of ABO$_3$ perovskites. In this work, we take advantage of the layer-by-layer growth regime to fabricate epitaxial CrVO$_3$ superlattice thin films with atomic-scale accuracy on the periodic arrangement of Cr and V layers.

Dhyey Ray, Anna Baranova, Davood B. Dar, Neepa T. Maitra

Recent progress has been made in capturing spectral features of electronic states of double-excitation character in time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) through a frequency-dependent kernel. While it might appear that this development is limited to the perturbative regime, we show that when used within response-reformulated TDDFT, it accurately c

Xirui Zhang, Philippe de La Chevasnerie, Benoit Fabre

Extending Named Entity Recognition (NER) models to new PII entities in noisy spoken-language data is a common need. We find that jointly fine-tuning a BERT model on standard semantic entities (PER, LOC, ORG) and new pattern-based PII (EMAIL, PHONE) results in minimal degradation for original classes. We investigate this "peaceful coexistence," hypothesizing

Shuyuan Zhang, Chenhan Jiang, Zuoou Li, Jiankang Deng

3D generation from natural language offers significant potential to reduce expert manual modeling efforts and enhance accessibility to 3D assets. However, existing methods often yield unstructured meshes and exhibit poor interactivity, making them impractical for artistic workflows. To address these limitations, we represent 3D assets as shape programs and i

Huiyuan Xie, Chenyang Li, Huining Zhu, Chubin Zhang

Legal reasoning is a fundamental component of legal analysis and decision-making. Existing computational approaches to legal reasoning predominantly rely on generic reasoning frameworks such as syllogism, which do not comprehensively examine the nuanced process of legal reasoning. Moreover, current research has largely focused on criminal cases, with insuffi

Lorenz A. Gilch

In this article we consider a natural class of random walks on free products of graphs, which arise as convex combinations of random walks on the single factors. From the works of Gilch [6,7] it is well-known that for these random walks the asymptotic entropy as well as the drift w.r.t. the natural transition graph distance and also w.r.t. the word length ex

Sergi Sirera

Understanding gravity is at the heart of some of the biggest questions in modern physics. While General Relativity (GR) is a theoretically unique and experimentally well-tested framework, it remains important to question whether it accurately describes gravity at all scales, motivating the exploration of broader theories. Black holes (BHs) provide ideal natu

Hendric Voss, Lisa Michelle Bohnenkamp, Stefan Kopp

This study explores two frameworks for co-speech gesture generation, AQ-GT and its semantically-augmented variant AQ-GT-a, to evaluate their ability to convey meaning through gestures and how humans perceive the resulting movements. Using sentences from the SAGA spatial communication corpus, contextually similar sentences, and novel movement-focused sentence

Amir Jalilifard, Anderson de Rezende Rocha, Marcos Medeiros Raimundo

Effective code generation with language models hinges on two critical factors: accurately understanding the intent of the prompt and generating code that applies algorithmic reasoning to produce correct solutions capable of passing diverse test cases while adhering to the syntax of the target programming language. Unlike other language tasks, code generation

Yue Zhang, Han-Zhong Zhang

The photon radiation induced by rescattering in a magnetized medium is investigated in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Within the high-energy limit, the photon emission rate and the associated electromagnetic energy loss are derived using the Gyulassy-Levai-Vitev formalism at first order in opacity, for a quark jet propagating a quark-gluon plasma under a

Irene Hiess, Ludwig Kampel

In this article we determine five previously unknown covering array numbers (CANs). We do so using properties of so called balanced covering arrays together with a computational result for these. The balance properties allow us to generalize the (computational) non-existence result for balanced covering arrays to covering arrays. Covering arrays are combinat

Manuel Christalla, Luise Puhlmann, Vera Traub

In Asymmetric A Priori TSP (with independent activation probabilities) we are given an instance of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem together with an activation probability for each vertex. The task is to compute a tour that minimizes the expected length after short-cutting to the randomly sampled set of active vertices. We prove a polynomial lower b

Bradley Ashley

We consider the coarse-geometric notion of ends in the context of coarse homotopy. We show that, when recontextualized as a functor from an appropriate coarse category of proper geodesic spaces, the set of ends $\mathcal{E}\text{nds}(-)$ is a coarse homotopy invariant. Further, we prove the existence of a natural surjection from the coarse path component fun

Marco Benedetti, Nicolas Brunel, Enzo Marinari, Ulises Pereira Obilinovic

In Hopfield-type associative memory models, memories are stored in the connectivity matrix and can be retrieved subsequently thanks to the collective dynamics of the network. In these models, the retrieval of a particular memory can be hampered by overlaps between the network state and other memories, termed spurious overlaps since these overlaps collectivel

Euclid Collaboration, W. L. Matthewson, R. Durrer, S. Camera

We compare the performance of the flat-sky approximation and Limber approximation for the clustering analysis of the photometric galaxy catalogue of Euclid. We study a 6 bin configuration representing the first data release (DR1) and a 13 bin configuration representative of the third and final data release (DR3). We find that the Limber approximation is suff

Xiao Zhou, Yuze Sun, Jie Wu, Xiaomeng Huang

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is an important driver of global weather and climate extremes, but its prediction in operational dynamical models remains challenging, with skillful forecasts typically limited to 3-4 weeks. Here, we introduce a novel deep learning framework, the Physics-guided Cascaded Corrector for MJO (PCC-MJO), which acts as a universa

Guang Yang, Yujie Zhu

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) are increasingly being applied to code-related tasks. Although PLMs have achieved good results, they do not take into account potential high-order data correlations within the code. We propose three types of high-order correlations in code tokens, i.e. abstract syntax tree family correlation, lexical correlation, and line c

Mir Nafis Sharear Shopnil, Sharad Duwal, Abhishek Tyagi, Adiba Mahbub Proma

We present MERIT, an inference-time modular framework for multimodal misinformation detection that decomposes verification into four specialized modules: visual forensics, cross-modal alignment, retrieval-augmented claim verification, and calibrated judgment. On MMFakeBench, MERIT with GPT-4o-mini achieves 81.65% F1, outperforming all reported zero-shot base

A. Ya. Maltsev

We investigate the probability of detecting the most nontrivial conductivity behavior regimes in metals whose electron spectrum is described by the tight-binding approximation. These regimes are associated with the emergence of highly complex electron trajectories on the Fermi surface and correspond to a nontrivial (scaling) behavior of the conductivity tens

Riccardo Caraccio, Edoardo Cipriano, Alessio Frassoldati, Tiziano Faravelli

Numerical models of biomass particle pyrolysis focus on either the solid particle evolution or on the surrounding gas-phase dynamics, neglecting the coupled interactions between the two. This work addresses this limitation by proposing a single-grid model that fully resolves both phases without relying on sub-grid-scale correlations. The model adopts an Eule

Sherzod Turaev, Mary John

Public space quality assessment lacks systematic methodologies that integrate factors across diverse spatial typologies while maintaining context-specific relevance. Current approaches remain fragmented within disciplinary boundaries, limiting comprehensive evaluation and comparative analysis across different space types. This study develops a systematic, da

Timur Aslyamov, Krzysztof Ptaszyński, Massimiliano Esposito

Gaussian macroscopic fluctuation theory underpins the understanding of noise in a broad class of nonequilibrium systems. We derive exact fluctuation-response relations linking the power spectral density of stationary fluctuations to the linear response of stable nonequilibrium steady states. Both of these can be determined experimentally and used to reconstr

Boyan Li, Chong Chen, Zhujun Xue, Yinan Mei

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced Text-to-SQL, yet existing solutions still fall short of system-level reliability. The limitation is not merely in individual modules -- e.g., schema linking, reasoning, and verification -- but more critically in the lack of structured orchestration that enforces correctness across the entire workflow. This gap motiv

Chuhong Wang, Hua Li, Chongyi Li, Huazhong Liu

With the development of underwater exploration and marine protection, underwater vision tasks are widespread. Due to the degraded underwater environment, characterized by color distortion, low contrast, and blurring, camouflaged instance segmentation (CIS) faces greater challenges in accurately segmenting objects that blend closely with their surroundings. T

Ludi Li, Junbin Mao, Hanhe Lin, Xu Tian

Multi-pulse magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely utilized for clinical practice such as Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. To train a robust model for multi-pulse MRI classification, it requires large and diverse data from various medical institutions while protecting privacy by preventing raw data sharing across institutions. Although federated learning (

Zhi-zhong Xing

We conjecture that there exists a remarkable correlation among the three elements in the first row of the $3\times 3$ lepton flavor mixing matrix $U$: $|U^{}_{e1}|^2 = 2 \left(|U^{}_{e2}|^2 + |U^{}_{e3}|^2\right)$, which holds even though $U$ is non-unitary in the canonical seesaw mechanism. This ``first-row correlation" is fully consistent with $\sin^2\thet

Ning Ran, Zhengguang Wu, Shaokang Zhang, Zhou He

This paper focuses on a fundamental problem on information security of bounded labeled Petri nets: non-interference analysis. As in hierarchical control, we assume that a system is observed by users at different levels, namely high-level users and low-level users. The output events produced by the firing of transitions are also partitioned into high-level ou

Humberto Gimenes Macedo, Luís Felipe Bueno

In many applications, gradient evaluations are inherently approximate, motivating the development of optimization methods that remain reliable under inexact first-order information. A common strategy in this context is adaptive evaluation, whereby coarse gradients are used in early iterations and refined near a minimizer. This is particularly relevant in dif

Kai Zhang, Tao Xiao, Weizong Wang, Bijiao He

Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations rely on accurate solutions of the electrostatic Poisson equation, yet accuracy often deteriorates near irregular Dirichlet boundaries on Cartesian meshes. While much research has addressed discretization errors on the left-hand side (LHS) of the Poisson equation, the impact of right-hand-side (RHS) inaccuracies - arising fr

Taylor Spoo, Katelyn Thomas, Ellie "Kaleo" Toguchi-Tani, Jonah Otto

In the coming years, detailed chemical abundances from large-scale high-resolution spectroscopic surveys will become available for vast numbers of stars across the Milky Way. Previous work has suggested that abundance ratios from these spectra can allow us to estimate ages from a large number of stars. These data will be leveraged to calibrate chemical clock

Tommaso Bertin, Giulia Treu

We consider the functional \[ F(u)=\int_{\Omega} f(\nabla u)\,dx\qquad u\in\varphi+W^{1,1}_0(\Omega) \] where $\Omega$ is a Lipschitz bounded open set of $\R^N$, $f:\R^N\to\R\cup \{+\infty\}$ is a superlinear Borel function, $\varphi\in W^{1,\infty}(\Omega)$. We prove that, if $f$ is superlinear and satisfies very weak assumptions, then the Lavrentiev phenom

Cansu Erdogan, Cesar Alan Contreras, Alireza Rastegarpanah, Manolis Chiou

This paper addresses the problem of planning complex manipulation tasks, in which multiple robots with different end-effectors and capabilities, informed by computer vision, must plan and execute concatenated sequences of actions on a variety of objects that can appear in arbitrary positions and configurations in unstructured scenes. We propose an intent-dri

Ansh Sharma, Karen Cochrane, James R. Wallace

Thematic analysis is widely used in qualitative research but can be difficult to scale because of its iterative, interpretive demands. We introduce DeTAILS, a toolkit that integrates large language model (LLM) assistance into a workflow inspired by Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis framework. DeTAILS supports researchers in generating and refining codes,

V. Loaiza-Tacuri, Diogo Souto, F. Quispe-Huaynasi, Katia Cunha

We present a homogeneous spectroscopic analysis of confirmed K2 mission exoplanet-hosting stars, comprising 301 targets with high-resolution optical spectra from HIRES and TRES taken from ExoFOP. We derived effective temperatures, surface gravities, and iron and magnesium abundances in LTE by measuring the equivalent widths of Fe I, Fe II, and Mg I lines. Th

Urmimala Dey, Natalya S. Fedorova, Jorge Íñiguez-González, Hugo Aramberri

Chirality in solids is attracting growing attention as a potential ferroic order, yet virtually no paradigmatic example of a soft-mode achiral-to-chiral phase transition has been firmly established to date. Here we identify ferroelectric bubble domains as a model system that undergoes a strain-driven achiral-to-chiral transition exhibiting the hallmarks of s

Ridwan Sakidja

Macroscopic quantum amplifiers maintain coherence even while strongly coupled to their surroundings, demonstrating that coherence can be preserved through architecture rather than isolation. Here we derive a finite structured-bath Hamiltonian in which dissipation and feedback originate from the same microscopic couplings. The resulting self-energy {\Sigma}({

Alex Kasman, Robert Milson

In this paper we exhibit and study a novel class of exceptional Krall orthogonal polynomials of Hermite type. This means that the polynomials in question are (i) orthogonal with respect to a Hermite-type weight; (ii) are the eigenfunctions of a higher-order differential operator; (iii) the degree sequence of the polynomial family in question is missing a fin

Isobel Kolbé, Chiara Le Roux, Korinna Zapp

The observation of collectivity in collisions of small systems has constituted a challenge for the heavy-ion community for over a decade now. The absence of jet quenching in those systems presents an apparent contradiction to the presence of an azimuthal anisotropy of high-$p_\perp$ particles. In the present work, we investigate the role of colour coherence

Jyler Menard, R. A. Mansbach

Generative deep learning techniques have demonstrated an impressive capacity for tackling biomolecular design problems in recent years. Despite their high performance, however, they still suffer from a lack of interpretability and rigorous quantification of associated search spaces, which are necessary to unlock their full potential for scientific inquiry be

Alexsandro A. Ferreira, Gauss M. Cordeiro

The modified odd Burr XII-G family is developed, capable of incorporating bimodal and bathtub shapes in its baseline distributions, with properties derived from the exponentiated-G class. A regression model is developed within this family. The parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood, and simulations are performed to verify their consistency. The usefu

Nachuan Ma, Zhengfei Song, Qiang Hu, Xiaoyu Tang

Road crack detection is essential for intelligent infrastructure maintenance in smart cities. To reduce reliance on costly pixel-level annotations, we propose WP-CrackNet, an end-to-end weakly-supervised method that trains with only image-level labels for pixel-wise crack detection. WP-CrackNet integrates three components: a classifier generating class activ

M. Chamorro-Cazorla, A. Gil de Paz, A. Castillo-Morales, A. Camps-Fariña

We present the ionised gas properties and metallicity gradients of 43 galaxies observed by the MEGADES survey. Using the MEGARA (Multi-Espectrografo en GTC de Alta Resolucion para Astronomia) instrument, our data combine relatively high spectral (R ~ 6000) and spatial (0.62 arcsec) resolution to study the ionised gas through classic BPT diagnostics in the [N

Lindsay Spoor, Álvaro Serra-Gómez, Aske Plaat, Thomas Moerland

Safe reinforcement learning addresses constrained optimization problems where maximizing performance must be balanced against safety constraints, and Lagrangian methods are a widely used approach for this purpose. However, the effectiveness of Lagrangian methods depends crucially on the choice of the Lagrange multiplier $\lambda$, which governs the multi-obj

Małgorzata Antonik, Paweł Swaczyna, David J. McComas, Heather A. Elliott

Interstellar neutral (ISN) atoms enable studies of the physical conditions in the local interstellar medium surrounding the heliosphere. ISN helium, which is the most abundant species at 1 au, is directly observed by space missions, such as Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX). However, some of these atoms are ionized by solar ultraviolet radiation before r

Dennis Wagner, Arjun Nair, Billy Joe Franks, Justus Arweiler

Undetected anomalies in time series can trigger catastrophic failures in safety-critical systems, such as chemical plant explosions or power grid outages. Although many detection methods have been proposed, their performance remains unclear because current metrics capture only narrow aspects of the task and often yield misleading results. We address this iss

Pierre Mergny, Lenka Zdeborová

We provide a rigorous random matrix theory analysis of spiked cross-covariance models where the signals across two high-dimensional data channels are partially aligned. These models are motivated by multi-modal learning and form the standard generative setting underlying Partial Least Squares (PLS), a widely used yet theoretically underdeveloped method. We s

Eirini Baltzi, Tilemachos Moumouris, Athena Psalta, Vasileios Tsironis

Inland water monitoring is vital for safeguarding public health and ecosystems, enabling timely interventions to mitigate risks. Existing methods often address isolated sub-problems such as cyanobacteria, chlorophyll, or other quality indicators separately. NAIAD introduces an agentic AI assistant that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) and external anal

Auguste Hébert, Dinakar Muthiah

Let $G$ be a split Kac-Moody group over a non-Archimedean local field, and let $\mathcal{H}$ be the Iwahori-Hecke algebra of $G$. In this paper, we construct a completed Iwahori-Hecke algebra $\widehat{\mathcal{H}}$ and prove that it contains a large center isomorphic to Looijenga's invariant ring. By the Kac-Moody Satake isomorphism, Looijenga's invariant r

François Fleuret

We propose an extension of the decoder Transformer that conditions its generative process on random latent variables which are learned without supervision thanks to a variational procedure. Experimental evaluations show that allowing such a conditioning translates into substantial improvements on downstream tasks.

Federico Greco

The original axion natural inflation model predicts a tensor-to-scalar ratio exceeding experimental limits. Conversely, in aligned axion inflation, inflation can proceed along trajectories emerging from near a saddle point of the two-field potential and ending through an instability in the orthogonal direction. Such solutions satisfy present observational li

Collin Zhang, Fei Huang, Chenhan Yuan, Junyang Lin

Large language models (LLMs) often experience language confusion, which is the unintended mixing of languages during text generation. Current solutions to this problem either necessitate model retraining or cannot differentiate between harmful confusion and acceptable code-switching. This paper introduces the Language Confusion Gate (LCG), a lightweight, plu

Amy M. Mason, Verena Zuber, Gibran Hemani, Elena Raffetti

Many Mendelian randomization (MR) papers have been conducted only in people of European ancestry, limiting transportability of results to the global population. Expanding MR to diverse ancestry groups is essential to ensure equitable biomedical insights, yet presents analytical and conceptual challenges. This review examines the practical challenges of MR an

Priyanjali Bukke, Martin Slawski

Data analysis of files that are a result of linking records from multiple sources are often affected by linkage errors. Records may be linked incorrectly, or their links may be missed. In consequence, it is essential that such errors are taken into account to ensure valid post-linkage inference. Here, we propose an extension to a general framework for regres