Tailoring the Frequency-Dependent Optical Response of Hematite through Mono- and Co-Doping: A First-Principles Study

Abstract

Understanding the effects of doping on the crystal structure and optical properties of semiconductor materials is crucial for advancing next-generation semiconductor and photonic technologies. Although various studies have focused on doped hematite ($α$-Fe$_2$O$_3$), the relationship between dynamical stability and optical properties remains insufficiently explored. This study presents a comprehensive first-principles investigation that simultaneously evaluates the phonon dispersion characteristics and frequency-dependent optical response of B-doped, Y-doped, and (B, Y)-co-doped $α$-Fe$_2$O$_3$, providing deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms. We examined the finite-temperature vibrational properties, dielectric function, and optical characteristics to comprehend the lattice dynamics and light-matter interactions under electromagnetic radiation. Vibrational thermodynamics reveal that pristine and Y-doped hematite maintain dynamic stability, while B-doped hematite exhibits imaginary phonon modes indicating lattice instability due to distortions in the Fe--O framework. Notably, Y co-doping with B helps suppress these soft modes, restoring structural stability through lattice relaxation and improved interatomic forces. B doping enhances low-energy absorption by introducing additional states in the valence band, while Y doping alters orbital hybridization, leading to a broader dispersion. In the optical regime, doped hematite displays dominant interband transitions below $2$ eV and strong absorption between 1.80 eV and 4 eV. The (B, Y) co-doping combines the low-energy benefits with an improved optical response profile. In summary, doping significantly enhances lattice vibrations, light-matter interactions, and optical responses, providing an effective strategy for tailoring hematite for diverse applications in photoactive, optoelectronic, and photonic technologies.