The distribution and the structure of the maximum of partial sums in families of trace functions

Abstract

In \cite{ABL21}, Autissier, Bonolis and Lamzouri obtained uniform estimates for the distribution function of the maximum of partial sums of a class of families of $m$-periodic complex-valued functions under certain conditions. For example, these conditions are verified by Kloosterman or Birch sums. In this article, under the same assumptions, we obtain an improved estimate for the tail of the distribution of the maximum of partial sums in these families, which gives for the first time an asymptotic formula for the logarithm of the distribution function, in a large uniform range. Furthermore, we prove a "structure theorem" for the maximum of partial sums of a family of complex $m$-periodic functions in our class, which shows that universally over this class, most of the partial sums with large norm are close to their imaginary part, and the maximum is attained around $m/2$. This is in sharp constrast with the results of Bober-Golmaker-Granville-Koukoulopoulos \cite{BGGK18}, Lamzouri \cite{Lam24} and Lamzouri-Nath \cite{LN24} for the distribution of the maximum of character sums in various families of Dirichlet characters.