Generalized space-charge solver for three-dimensional converging or diverging beams

Abstract

Nonlinear space-charge effects play a critical role in the dynamics of high-intensity, high-brightness beams. While conventional space-charge forces scale inversely with the square of the relativistic Lorentz factor ($γ$) as beam energy increases, this suppression may not apply to all components of the electromagnetic force. In this paper, we present a generalized space-charge solver that accounts for contributions from transverse currents in three-dimensional (3D) converging or diverging beams. We demonstrate that these additional forces from transverse currents lack an explicit dependence on $γ$, potentially rendering them significant in specific high-energy applications. We provide a semi-analytical solution for a 3D converging or diverging beam with the Gaussian density distribution and identify the regimes in which these transverse current forces become comparable to conventional space-charge forces. Furthermore, we present a numerical solution for the generalized model applicable to arbitrary density distributions. Finally, we evaluate the impact of these forces on strongly converging electron beams within the interaction regions of the FCC-ee and ILC, as well as the second bunch compressor of LCLS-II-HE; our results indicate that these extra forces do not significantly alter the final electron beam quality in these specific cases.