Heat capacity as a marker for shape and jamming transitions in active systems

Abstract

Persistence influences the stationary states of active particles, producing boundary accumulation at the single-particle level, and clustering or jamming in interacting systems. These features disappear as the persistence decreases and the system approaches a more passive-like stationary state. We show that these transitions have a distinct calorimetric signature. Using a lattice run-and-tumble dynamics, consistent with local detailed balance, we compute the nonequilibrium heat capacity from the excess heat released following a small temperature perturbation. For a single particle confined between reflecting boundaries, the heat capacity develops a maximum in the persistence regime corresponding to shape transition. Adding an exclusion interaction to the active particles on a periodic lattice, the reorganization of jammed clusters produces a corresponding peak in the thermal response. We also discuss the impact of the time-symmetric part of the transition rates, and show the possibility of seeing the same signatures of heat response in experiments by AC calorimetry. Our results show that nonequilibrium heat capacities can serve as calorimetric probes of nonequilibrium phase transitions.