Fluctuation-Controlled Asymmetric Kinetics in Metal-Insulator Transitions

Abstract

We report asymmetric kinetics in thermally driven metal-insulator transitions (MITs) in 1T-TaS$_2$. Using combined transport, calorimetric, and Raman measurements, we show that the transition proceeds via burst-like avalanches during cooling, while remaining continuous during heating. Although bulk transport is masked by percolative conduction, local probes and thermal measurements reveal intrinsic asymmetry in the transformation pathways. Using controlled nonequilibrium thermal perturbations generated by pulsed Joule heating, we demonstrate that the phase-ordering dynamics remains strongly athermal during cooling, whereas during heating fluctuations progressively overcome nucleation barriers, leading to a smooth transformation. The distinct responses to thermal perturbations indicate different degrees of athermality of the two hysteresis branches, which govern the transformation pathways and give rise to the observed kinetic asymmetry. These results establish a general framework in which the degree of athermality controls pathway selection in first-order phase transitions.