Distinct routes to phase transitions in spatial activation systems

Abstract

Threshold-driven activation governs a wide range of collective phenomena, yet the microscopic origins of its phase transitions in spatial systems remain unresolved.Here, we show that spatial activation systems undergo multiple distinct routes to phase transitions, controlled by a single parameter---the interaction range.We uncover a unified phase diagram featuring continuous, first-order, and mixed-order transitions, and demonstrate that the two abrupt transitions arise from fundamentally different mechanisms: nucleation-driven front propagation and critical branching.These routes exhibit distinct dynamical scaling, establishing a direct link between microscopic activation dynamics and macroscopic critical behavior.We further identify a metastable phase in which global activation cannot be achieved by random activation alone, but can be triggered by localized seeds.In this regime, the critical activation nucleus remains finite and independent of system size, implying that arbitrarily large systems can remain stable under random perturbations yet highly vulnerable to localized triggers.The onset of this phase is abrupt, revealing an extreme sensitivity of collective dynamics to small parameter changes. These results establish a mechanistic framework for phase transitions in spatial activation systems and reveal how microscopic perturbations can trigger macroscopic cascades.