Late Transformer Layers Recode Syntax Canonically: Evidence from Greek Scrambling and Cross-Layer Generalisation

Abstract

Probing studies have established that syntactic information is decodable in early and middle transformer layers, but what happens to that information in later layers remains poorly understood. We apply a cross-layer generalisation analysis to three Greek-tuned large language models evaluated on tightly controlled minimal pairs: object-relative constructions in Modern Greek, where canonical (Subject-Verb-Object; SVO) and non-canonical (Verb-Subject-Object; VSO) orders differ only in within-clause word order, while preserving propositional meaning. When a probe trained on late layers (20-31) is tested on each early layer individually, it produces below-chance transfer (cluster-corrected, p<0.01), classifying 99.3% of non-canonical sentences as canonical. Probe coefficients reverse sign around layer 22, indicating a directional recoding toward the canonical form rather than simple information loss. These findings characterise a representational format change in late transformer layers that goes beyond the well-established decline in syntactic decodability, and they generate a directly testable prediction for human EEG and MEG decoding studies using the same stimuli. Code and stimuli are publicly available on OSF.