Diffusion under competing bulk and surface stopping mechanisms

Abstract

We investigate reflected diffusion in a bounded domain subject to two independent, competing stopping mechanisms: an exponentially distributed bulk lifetime of rate $p$ and a surface reaction triggered when the boundary local time exceeds an independent exponential threshold of rate $q$. Denoting by $T$ the stopping time and by $L$ the acquired boundary local time at stopping, we derive their marginal distributions, joint Laplace transform, and complete hierarchy of mixed moments. These statistics are determined by the splitting probability $ϕ$ that surface reaction occurs before bulk decay. In particular, we establish the identity $p\expect{T}+q\expect{L}=1$ and show that the cumulative risk $pT+qL$ is exponentially distributed with unit rate. We further obtain equivalent representations of $ϕ$ in terms of the Robin-Laplacian and the generalized Steklov spectra. Explicit results for a three-dimensional ball reveal how competing rates $p,q$ control $ϕ$ and the $(T,L)$ statistics. Monte Carlo simulations test the universal cumulative-risk law.