Exact Microscopic One-Body Reduction in the Symmetric Exclusion Process

Abstract

The symmetric exclusion process (SEP) is a paradigmatic model of interacting particle transport. Its current--density correlations are governed by an infinite many-body hierarchy of equations. Only recently, this hierarchy was found to collapse at large scales onto a single closed equation. Is this remarkable simplification created by coarse graining, or does it reflect a deeper property already present in the microscopic dynamics? Here we show that the second scenario is realized. At arbitrary time on the lattice, the entire hierarchy collapses onto a single linear equation which is exactly equivalent to a persistence problem for a single auxiliary random walker. Thus an interacting many-body problem reduces exactly to a genuine one-body problem before any scaling limit is taken. This reduction determines the complete finite-time correlation profile, including during nonequilibrium relaxation. More broadly, the microscopic operator uncovered here opens a route to more general correlation functions in the SEP, and may point to a general organizing principle for nonequilibrium interacting particle systems.