Drying-Induced Size Segregation and Stratification in Colloidal Droplets across Binary, Ternary, and Polydisperse Systems

Abstract

We study evaporation-induced size segregation and stratification in binary, ternary, and polydisperse mixtures of colloidal particles within a drying droplet using Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations. We show that drying-induced stratification can occur in all three types of mixtures, with larger particles preferentially accumulating in the droplet interior and smaller particles near the droplet surface. In binary mixtures, size segregation becomes more pronounced as the Peclet number and the size difference between particles increase, and as the relative volume fraction of large particles and the initial particle concentration decrease. In ternary mixtures, three distinct layers form when the Peclet number is sufficiently high and the intermediate particle size is suitably selected. Under the conditions studied, increasing the fraction of intermediate-sized particles can also enhance separation between the small and large particles. These results are in qualitative agreement with previous studies of drying planar films. Extending the analysis to polydisperse systems, we find that the average particle size decreases with increasing radial distance under stratifying conditions. Furthermore, higher Peclet numbers and particle-size distributions with more particles at both size extremes lead to steeper radial gradients in particle size. Additionally, we use multi-particle collision dynamics (MPCD) simulations to assess the role of hydrodynamic interactions. BD simulations predict stronger stratification than MPCD simulations, although stratification persists in the MPCD simulations. Our results thus demonstrate that droplet-confined drying offers a simple and versatile strategy for engineering radial composition and size gradients in colloidal assemblies, thereby offering new opportunities for the controlled fabrication of hierarchically structured supraparticles.