Phase coexistence and nucleation of aging condensates
Yicheng Qiang, Chengjie Luo, David Zwicker
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates form by phase separation and often age over time by transitioning from liquid-like droplets to solid-like states. To capture the fundamental behavior of aging condensates, we connect the Flory-Huggins model of phase separation with the trap model of aging dynamics. This combined model yields a rich phase diagram, including a regime of metastable coexisting liquids. Interestingly, the dense metastable liquid serves as an intermediate state in the nucleation pathway of the glass, which thus nucleates in two steps. Our results are generic, since they follow from a basic free-energy structure, providing a unified foundation for describing the thermodynamics and kinetics of aging biomolecular condensates.
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