Ambient-pressure effects on shock emission and liquid-shell expansion following optical breakdown inside water droplets

Abstract

We experimentally investigate the deformation and breakup of micrometer-sized water droplets following nanosecond laser-induced breakdown in the finite-beam regime D0/Db~2 and over a range of ambient pressures. Simultaneous measurements of the liquid deformation and emitted shock wave enable the gas and liquid phase dynamics to be distinguished quantitatively. Under fixed external focusing conditions, the curved droplet interface focuses and internally reflects the incident light, leading to transient plasma formation within the liquid and generating the pressure load that drives droplet deformation. At low laser energies (El<1mJ), plasma formation localized near the rear droplet-air interface produces an interfacial bubble that expands into a thin liquid film susceptible to hydrodynamic instabilities and ultimately collapses under the action of surface tension. The internal pressure is partially released into the surrounding air, generating a propagating shock wave. At higher energies (El>1mJ), the droplet is ablated along the laser axis, resulting in the explosive formation of a liquid shell and multiple shock fronts, both exhibiting supersonic expansion velocities. While the shock wave dynamics are well described within the framework of strong blast wave theory, we show that the shell expansion can be understood as being driven by the pressure load generated during plasma expansion inside the droplet. Consequently, the droplet expands as a liquid shell that subsequently follows ballistic motion and ultimately undergoes complete atomization. Although changing surrounding gas density substantially alters the propagation of the emitted shock wave, the droplet morphology and expansion dynamics remain nearly unchanged, given the internal load of the plasma-driven pressure.