Left-Handed Transmission Lines for the Dynamical Casimir Effect

Abstract

Left-handed (LH) superconducting transmission lines, built with series capacitors and shunt inductors instead of the series inductors and shunt capacitors of a conventional right-handed (RH) line, have a spectrum with a nonzero lower band edge and modes that become sparse at high frequencies. We study the dynamical Casimir effect in a LH line terminated by a flux-modulated SQUID and compare it with an RH line built from the same elements and with a long coplanar waveguide terminated by the same SQUID. We derive the quantum Hamiltonian and show that the coupling between two modes factorizes into their amplitudes at the SQUID. Together, the LH spectrum and the mode dependence of this coupling determine which modes are populated and how fast. With equal elements, the LH coupling grows with frequency and exceeds the RH one above a crossover pump frequency set by the cell inductance and capacitance, and only the LH line has resonances above the RH band edge. Pumping two modes at once lets a weakly coupled mode borrow coupling from a strongly coupled one, while crossings of resonance lines populate three or four modes without increasing the growth rate. Compared with the coplanar waveguide, the LH line has a similar coupling but keeps the created particles in the target mode, whereas the nearly equidistant waveguide spreads them over many pairs and needs more pump energy.