Complex Martensitic Microstructures in ${\rm Ti}_{76}{\rm Nb}_{22}{\rm Al}_{2}$

Abstract

We analyze the unusual microstructure resulting from the cubic to orthorhombic phase transformation in the shape-memory alloy ${\rm Ti}_{76}{\rm Nb}_{22}{\rm Al}_{2}$. This seems to represent an approximate experimental realization of a deformation having a finite number of incompatible deformation gradients, which has been known to exist only as a theoretical possibility. Because the middle eigenvalue $γ$ of the transformation strain is very close to 1, the phase transformation in this alloy takes place via nucleation of exact austenite-martensite interfaces rather than, as usual for other alloys, by classical austenite-martensite interfaces separating the austenite from a finely-twinned laminate of martensite. According to the moving mask approximation of Della Porta this leads to the question whether a microstructure can be formed from the set $H$ of the twelve matrices ${\mathbf V}_i$ on the martensite energy wells that are rank-one connected to the identity, even though these matrices are mutually incompatible. We show that when $γ=1$ and the transformation is volume preserving, such a microstructure is possible that does not deform the grain boundary. This is a consequence of $H$ forming a degenerate $T_{12}$ configuration in the sense of Kirchheim. In fact there are such microstructures supported on just 8 of the 12 matrices in $H$. However there is no deformation satisfying the same boundary condition whose gradient belongs to $H$ almost everywhere. An additional prediction, confirmed experimentally, is that the macroscopic deformation gradient equals the identity everywhere. We also analyse the approximate compatibility of the ${\mathbf V}_i$. Although mutually incompatible, they are nearly compatible, with some pairs much more nearly compatible than others, these pairs corresponding to interfaces that are more frequently observed.