Experimental Assessment of Prompt Gamma Time Imaging in Complex Anatomy

Abstract

Prompt-gamma (PG) imaging is a promising approach for in vivo verification in proton therapy, but existing methods are primarily limited to reconstructing the PG emission profile, which provides only indirect information on proton transport. In this work, we introduce Prompt-Gamma Time Imaging (PGTI), an iterative reconstruction method based on the PG Timing (PGT) technique that jointly estimates the PG emission distribution and the proton velocity profile from Time-Of-Flight (TOF) measurements acquired with multiple detector modules. Unlike the PG distribution, the proton velocity is directly related to the stopping power and therefore provides access to both the tissue composition traversed by the beam and a first-order estimation of the delivered dose. The method was validated using experimental data acquired with the eight-module TIARA prototype previously developed by our collaboration. The anthropomorphic RANDO head phantom was irradiated with 100 MeV protons in two anatomical configurations representative of treatment planning and delivery, providing the first demonstration of PGTI under realistic conditions. In this example, the reconstructed material sequence agreed with the reference CT; despite ten bins presenting a misclassified material, the reconstructed proton range only differed from the expected value by approximately 1 mm. These results validate both the proposed PGTI framework and the use of the TIARA detector system in a pseudo-clinical environment, extending PG imaging beyond conventional range verification.