CMS ECAL Phase-2 upgrade: characterisation and stability analysis of a three-stage low-voltage power-conversion system

Abstract

As part of the High-Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider, the front-end electronics of the Compact Muon Solenoid electromagnetic calorimeter barrel are being replaced. A three-stage low-voltage power-conversion system supplies the upgraded electronics. As the cascade dynamics require characterisation to ensure stable operation, interactions between the three converter stages are assessed at their two interfaces using the Nyquist criterion. A validated shunt-injection setup using a Bode 100 frequency-response analyser provides in-situ impedance measurements under load to assess the accuracy of the averaged converter models. Results show that both interfaces are stable over the evaluated configurations, with modelled minimum distances to the critical point of 0.76 and 0.79, respectively. A turn-on study identifies capacitor charging at Stage 3 as the main cause of inrush currents triggering Stage 2 overcurrent protection. Two Stage 3 board variants stagger converter enables within and between boards, keeping the measured two-tower current below 5 A, within the 8.0 A protection threshold.