A gapless charge mode induced by the boundary states in the half-filled Hubbard open-chain

Abstract

We discuss the ground state and some excited states of the half-filled Hubbard model defined on an open chain with L sites, where only one of the boundary sites has a different value of chemical potential. We consider the case when the boundary site has a negative chemical potential -p and the Hubbard coupling U is positive. By an analytic method we show that when p is larger than the transfer integral some of the ground-state solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations become complex-valued. It follows that there is a ``surface phase transition&#39;&#39; at some critical value p_c; when p<p_c all the charge excitations have the gap for the half-filled band, while there exists a massless charge mode when p>p_c.