Fixed-N Superconductivity: The Crossover from the Bulk to the Few-Electron Limit

Abstract

We present a truly canonical theory of superconductivity in ultrasmall metallic grains by variationally optimizing fixed-N projected BCS wave-functions, which yields the first full description of the entire crossover from the bulk BCS regime (mean level spacing $d \ll$ bulk gap $\tildeΔ$) to the ``fluctuation-dominated'' few-electron regime ($d\gg\tildeΔ$). A wave-function analysis shows in detail how the BCS limit is recovered for $d\ll \tilde Δ$, and how for $d \gg \tilde Δ$ pairing correlations become delocalized in energy space. An earlier grand-canonical prediction for an observable parity effect in the spectral gaps is found to survive the fixed-N projection.