Surface effects in nanoparticles: application to maghemite $\gamma$-Fe_{2}O_{3}

Abstract

We present a microscopic model for nanoparticles, of the maghemite ($\gamma $% -Fe$_{2}$O$_{3}$) type, and perform classical Monte Carlo simulations of their magnetic properties. On account of M\"{o}ssbauer spectroscopy and high-field magnetisation results, we consider a particle as composed of a core and a surface shell of constant thickness. The magnetic state in the particle is described by the anisotropic classical Dirac-Heisenberg model including exchange and dipolar interactions and bulk and surface anisotropy. We consider the case of ellipsoidal (or spherical) particles with free boundaries at the surface. Using a surface shell of constant thickness ($\sim 0.35$ nm) we vary the particle size and study the effect of surface magnetic disorder on the thermal and spatial behaviors of the net magnetisation of the particle. We study the shift in the surface ``critical region'' for different surface-to-core ratios of the exchange coupling constants. It is also shown that the profile of the local magnetisation exhibits strong temperature dependence, and that surface anisotropy is reponsible for the non saturation of the magnetisation at low temperatures.