Soap Bubbles in Outer Space: Interaction of a Domain Wall with a Black Hole

Abstract

We discuss the generalized Plateau problem in the 3+1 dimensional Schwarzschild background. This represents the physical situation, which could for instance have appeared in the early universe, where a cosmic membrane (thin domain wall) is located near a black hole. Considering stationary axially symmetric membranes, three different membrane-topologies are possible depending on the boundary conditions at infinity: 2+1 Minkowski topology, 2+1 wormhole topology and 2+1 black hole topology. Interestingly, we find that the different membrane-topologies are connected via phase transitions of the form first discussed by Choptuik in investigations of scalar field collapse. More precisely, we find a first order phase transition (finite mass gap) between wormhole topology and black hole topology; the intermediate membrane being an unstable wormhole collapsing to a black hole. Moreover, we find a second order phase transition (no mass gap) between Minkowski topology and black hole topology; the intermediate membrane being a naked singularity. For the membranes of black hole topology, we find a mass scaling relation analogous to that originally found by Choptuik. However, in our case the parameter $p$ is replaced by a 2-vector $\vec{p}$ parametrizing the solutions. We find that $Mass\propto|\vec{p}-\vec{p}_*|^\gamma$ where $\gamma\approx 0.66$. We also find a periodic wiggle in the scaling relation. Our results show that black hole formation as a critical phenomenon is far more general than expected.