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Vortex Line Nucleation of First-Order Transition U(1)-Symmetric Field Systems

H. Kleinert

hep-tharXiv:hep-th/9811185

Abstract

We show that in field systems with U(1)-symmetry, first-order transitions are nucleated by vortex lines, not bubbles, thus calling for a reinvestigation of the Kibble mechanism for the phase transition of the early universe.

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