Freedom in the Expansion and Obstacles to Integrability in Multiple-Soliton Solutions of the Perturbed KdV Equation

Abstract

The construction of a solution of the perturbed KdV equation encounters obstacles to asymptotic integrability beyond the first order, when the zero-order approximation is a multiple-soliton wave. In the standard analysis, the obstacles lead to the loss of integrability of the Normal Form, resulting in a zero-order term, which does not have the simple structure of the solution of the unperturbed equation. Exploiting the freedom in the perturbative expansion, we propose an algorithm that shifts the effect of the obstacles from the Normal Form to the higher-order terms. The Normal Form then remains integrable, and the zero-order approximation retains the multiple-soliton structure of the unperturbed solution. The obstacles are expressed in terms of symmetries of the unperturbed equation, and decay exponentially away from the soliton-interaction region. As a result, they generate a bounded correction term, which decays exponentially away from the origin in the x-t plane. The computation is performed through second order.