October 2025 arXiv papers — page 85

Alexandre Delplanque, Hengyi Li

We prove the entropic continuity of Lyapunov exponent for C^r maps of the interval or of the circle with large entropy for r>1, without making any assumptions on the set of critical points. A consequence is the upper semi-continuity of entropy at ergodic measures with large entropy. Another consequence is the uniform integrability of the geometric potential

Shirin Tavakoli Kafiabad, Andrea Schiffauerova, Ashkan Ebadi

Optimizing national scientific investment requires a clear understanding of evolving research trends and the demographic and geographical forces shaping them, particularly in light of commitments to equity, diversity, and inclusion. This study addresses this need by analyzing 18 years (2005-2022) of research proposals funded by the Natural Sciences and Engin

Vik Pant, Eric Yu

Coopetition refers to simultaneous cooperation and competition among actors who "cooperate to grow the pie and compete to split it up." Modern socio-technical systems are characterized by strategic coopetition in which actors concomitantly cooperate to create value and compete to capture it. While conceptual modeling languages such as i* provide rich qualita

Dario Kermanschah, Matilde Vicini

We compute squared matrix elements at next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics for the production of two or three (on- or off-shell) photons mediated via (light or heavy) quark loops. Our method handles all cases in a unified framework, using simultaneous subtraction of infrared, ultraviolet, and threshold singularities in loop mo

Gilles Ferrand, Rüdiger Pakmor, Yusei Fujimaru, Shiu-Hang Lee

Type Ia supernovae (SNe) are believed to be thermonuclear explosions of white dwarf (WD) stars, but their progenitor systems and explosion mechanisms are still unclear. Here we focus on double degenerate systems, where two WDs are interacting, and on the double detonation mechanism, where a detonation of a helium shell triggers a detonation of the carbon-oxy

Max Tiessler, Quim Motger

[Context and motivation.] Extracting features from mobile app reviews is increasingly important for multiple requirements engineering (RE) tasks. However, existing methods struggle to turn noisy, ambiguous feedback into interpretable insights. [Question/problem.] Syntactic approaches lack semantic depth, while large language models (LLMs) often miss fine-gra

Guanzhong He, Zhen Yang, Jinxin Liu, Bin Xu

Search agents have achieved significant advancements in enabling intelligent information retrieval and decision-making within interactive environments. Although reinforcement learning has been employed to train agentic models capable of more dynamic interactive retrieval, existing methods are limited by shallow tool-use depth and the accumulation of errors o

Vikhyat Sharma, Arka Banerjee

The presence of additional relativistic particles at the time of recombination can be inferred through their contribution to $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$. If these species have a finite but low mass (Light Massive Relics - LiMRs), they act as a hot subcomponent of dark matter and impact late-time structure formation. Understanding these effects will be crucial to pi

Anthony Conway, Daniel Kasprowski

Motivated by work on the homotopy classification of $4$-manifolds with boundary, we define a relative $k$-invariant for pairs of spaces that are homotopy equivalent to CW pairs. We show that for such a pair $(X,Y)$ with Postnikov $2$-type $X \to P_2(X)$, the relative $k$-invariant is the obstruction to the existence of a section $B\pi_1(X)\to P_2(X)$ extendi

Xiaoxing Hu, Kaicheng Yang, Ziyang Gong, Qi Ming

The original CLIP text encoder is limited by a maximum input length of 77 tokens, which hampers its ability to effectively process long texts and perform fine-grained semantic understanding. In addition, the CLIP text encoder lacks support for multilingual inputs. All these limitations significantly restrict its applicability across a broader range of tasks.

Yuri Matiyasevich, Zhi-Wei Sun

It is known that Hilbert's Tenth Problem over the Gaussian ring $\mathbb Z[i]=\{a+bi:\ a,b\in\mathbb Z\}$ is undecidable. In this paper we obtain the following further result: There is no algorithm to decide whether an arbitrarily given polynomial equation $P(z_1,\ldots,z_{20})=0$ (with integer coefficients) is solvable over $\mathbb Z[i]$. This improves the

Lazaros Karageorgiou, Kyprianos-Iason Prodromidis

In this paper, we consider the Ising model on the complete graph, also known as the Curie-Weiss model, and establish the limit profile of the Glauber dynamics in the high-temperature regime. Our strategy is a two-dimensional analog of the method developed by Olesker-Taylor and Schmid for the Bernoulli-Laplace urn: The two-coordinate chain associated to the m

Samyah Ahmed, Matthew Junge

We prove that the probability the frog model with death and drift on the $d$-ary tree is recurrent can be made positive and thus is not monotone in the drift parameter.

Sasha Allegrini, Antonio J. Iovino, Hardi Veermäe

We examine single-field inflationary models for the formation of primordial black holes (PBHs). By analyzing the latest observations from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT)~\cite{ACT:2025fju, ACT:2025tim}, we demonstrate that the observed preference for positive running ($\alpha_s$) of the scalar spectral index $n_s$ imposes significant restrictions on th

Kevin Michalewicz, Chen Jin, Philip Alexander Teare, Tom Diethe

A fundamental challenge in protein design is the trade-off between generating structural diversity while preserving motif biological function. Current state-of-the-art methods, such as partial diffusion in RFdiffusion, often fail to resolve this trade-off: small perturbations yield motifs nearly identical to the native structure, whereas larger perturbations

Erik Horsdal

The forces that act internally in a trebuchet as it delivers a shot depend on the motions of throwing arm, counterweight and sling. These motions are considered known experimentally or theoretically and given in the form of time-dependent angular coordinates. Explicit expressions in terms of these coordinates and their derivatives to second order are derived

Felipe Hernández, Ioannis Kousek, Tristán Radić

For any set $A$ of natural numbers with positive upper Banach density, we show the existence of an infinite set $B$ and sequences $(t_k)_{k\in \mathbb{N}}, (s_k)_{k\in \mathbb{N}}$ of natural numbers such that $\left\{ \sum_{n \in F}n : F \subset B + s_k, 1 \leq |F| \leq k \right\}\subset A-t_k$, for every $k\in \mathbb{N}$. This strengthens the density fini

Quim Motger, Carlota Catot, Xavier Franch

Large Language Models (LLMs) depend on high-quality, domain-specific natural language datasets. This dependency is particularly pronounced in Requirements Engineering (RE), where core activities rely on textual artifacts such as requirements, specifications, and stakeholder feedback. Despite the increasing use of LLMs in RE, data scarcity remains a widely re

Federica Granese, Serena Villata, Charles Bouveyron

Online topic models are unsupervised algorithms to identify latent topics in data streams that continuously evolve over time. Although these methods naturally align with real-world scenarios, they have received considerably less attention from the community compared to their offline counterparts, due to specific additional challenges. To tackle these issues,

Jan Sobotka, Petr Šimánek, Pavel Kordík

Fractional Gradient Descent (FGD) offers a novel and promising way to accelerate optimization by incorporating fractional calculus into machine learning. Although FGD has shown encouraging initial results across various optimization tasks, it faces significant challenges with convergence behavior and hyperparameter selection. Moreover, the impact of its hype

Noam Soker, Kobi Shiran

Examining the photospheric time evolution of the core-collapse supernova (CCSN) SN 2023ixf from the literature, we identify two (possibly three) evolutionary time periods with constant expansion velocities, which we attribute to two (or three) ejecta shells. We find that several CCSN remnants have morphologies with two or more complete or partial shells, com

Wenping Jin, Li Zhu, Fei Guo

A recent class of hyperspectral anomaly detection methods can be trained once on background datasets and then deployed universally without per-scene retraining or parameter tuning, showing strong efficiency and robustness. Building upon this paradigm, we propose a decoupled complementary spectral--spatial learning framework for background representation enha

Bochen Jin, Ilya Molchanov

We consider extremal processes and random walks generated by heavy-tailed random vectors taking values in $\mathbb{R}^d$ endowed with the $\ell_p$ metric. We establish limit theorems for the associated paths in the triangular array setting when both the number of steps $n$ and the dimension $d$ grow to infinity. It is shown that it is possible to transform t

Zizheng Zhan, Ken Deng, Jinghui Wang, Xiaojiang Zhang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled progress in agentic coding, where models autonomously reason, plan, and act within interactive software development workflows. However, bridging the gap between static text-based training and dynamic real-world agentic execution remains a core challenge. In this technical report, we present KAT-Cod

Yen-Chi Chen

While Variational Inference (VI) is central to modern generative models like Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) and Denoising Diffusion Models (DDMs), its pedagogical treatment is split across disciplines. In statistics, VI is typically framed as a Bayesian method for posterior approximation. In machine learning, however, VAEs and DDMs are developed from a Freq

Emad Razavi, Angelo Bratta, João Carlos Virgolino Soares, Carmine Recchiuto

We present an online semantic object mapping system for a quadruped robot operating in real indoor environments, turning sensor detections into named objects in a global map. During a run, the mapper integrates range geometry with camera detections, merges co-located detections within a frame, and associates repeated detections into persistent object instanc

Teng Hu, Jiangning Zhang, Zihan Su, Ran Yi

Recent advances in video generation have made it possible to produce visually compelling videos, with wide-ranging applications in content creation, entertainment, and virtual reality. However, most existing diffusion transformer based video generation models are limited to low-resolution outputs (<=720P) due to the quadratic computational complexity of the

Jenna Russell, Marzena Karpinska, Destiny Akinode, Katherine Thai

AI is rapidly transforming journalism, but the extent of its use in published newspaper articles remains unclear. We address this gap by auditing a large-scale dataset of 186K articles from online editions of 1.5K American newspapers published in the summer of 2025. Using Pangram, a state-of-the-art AI detector, we discover that approximately 9% of newly-pub

Jannis Fleckenstein, David Kreismann, Tamara Rosemary Govindasamy, Thomas Brunschwiler

As urbanization and climate change progress, urban heat island effects are becoming more frequent and severe. To formulate effective mitigation plans, cities require detailed air temperature data, yet conventional machine learning models with limited data often produce inaccurate predictions, particularly in underserved areas. Geospatial foundation models tr

Miha Rot, Žiga Vaupotič, Andrej Kolar-Požun, Gregor Kosec

This paper presents an adaptive hyperviscosity stabilisation procedure for the Radial Basis Function-generated Finite Difference (RBF-FD) method, aimed at solving linear and non-linear advection-dominated transport equations on domains without a boundary. The approach employs a PDE-independent algorithm that adaptively determines the hyperviscosity constant

Tony Wong, Tom Chou, Suraj Shankar, Shenshen Wang

Immune cells recognize and discriminate antigens through immunological synapses - dynamic intercellular junctions exhibiting highly organized receptor-ligand patterns. While much work has focused on molecular kinetics and passive mechanisms of pattern formation, the role of active mechanical control in patterning and discrimination remains underexplored. We

David Galvin, Emily McMillon, JD Nir, Amanda Redlich

Given a graph $G$ and a target graph $H$, an $H$-coloring of $G$ is an adjacency-preserving vertex map from $G$ to $H$. By appropriate choice of $H$, these colorings can express, for instance, the independent sets or proper vertex colorings of $G$. Sidorenko proved that for any $H$, the $n$-vertex star admits at least as many $H$-colorings as any other $n$-v

David Jewitt, Jane Luu

We describe pre-perihelion optical observations of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS taken during July - September 2025 using the Nordic Optical Telescope. Fixed aperture photometry of the comet is well described by a power law function of heliocentric distance, rH, with the exponent (``index") n = 3.8+/-0.3 across the 4.6 au to 1.8 au distance range (phase functi

Harry Amad, Zhaozhi Qian, Dennis Frauen, Julianna Piskorz

Causal inference is essential for developing and evaluating medical interventions, yet real-world medical datasets are often difficult to access due to regulatory barriers. This makes synthetic data a potentially valuable asset that enables these medical analyses, along with the development of new inference methods themselves. Generative models can produce s

Shuang-Ming Wang

This paper is concerned with the non-existence of time-periodic traveling wave solution with speed less than the critical speed for diffusive Kermack-McKendrick epidemic model incorporating seasonality and nonlocal interactions induced by latent period. By a technical construction of upper and lower solutions on truncated intervals for an auxiliary linear eq

Igor A. Baburin

Given the integral lattice $\Lambda^d$ in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space, partitions of the lattice nodes into orbits of finite-index subgroups of $Aut(\Lambda^d)$ have been computed for $d \leq 4$. These partitions can be interpreted as colourings of orbits defined up to permutation of colours. Complete results are obtained for $d=2$ up to 64 orbits, for $

Sijia Li, Si-Yue Yu, Luis C. Ho, John D. Silverman

The interstellar medium (ISM) in high-redshift galaxies exhibits significantly higher electron densities ($n_{\rm e}$) than in the local universe. To investigate the origin of this trend, we analyze a sample of 9590 centrally star-forming galaxies with stellar masses greater than $10^9\,M_\odot$ at redshifts $0.01 < z < 0.04$, selected from the Dark Energy S

Eleonora Maggiorelli, Matteo Negri, Francesco Vicentini, Laura De Lorenzis

Reproducing the key features of fracture behavior under multiaxial stress states is essential for accurate modeling. Experimental evidence indicates that three intrinsic material properties govern fracture nucleation in elastic materials: elasticity, strength, and fracture toughness. Among these, strength remains the most often misunderstood, as it is not a

Pierre Cristofari

Numerous astrophysical shock waves evolve in an environment where the radiative cooling behind the shock affects the hydrodynamical structure downstream, thereby influencing the potential for particle acceleration via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). We study the possibility for DSA to energize particles from the thermal pool and from pre-existing cosmic

Jingyu Zhang, Tzu-An Sheng, Yu-Chen Chen, Hannah Bossi

Recent theoretical developments, as well as experimental measurements at hadron collisions, have renewed interest in studying event shape variables in $e^+e^-$ collisions. We present a measurement of thrust and track-based energy-energy correlator in $e^+e^-$ collisions at center-of-mass energy of 91.2 GeV, using newly released open data from the DELPHI expe

Sucharita Biswas, Umesh Shankar, Sivaramakrishnan Sivasubramanian

Partially ordered patterns (POPs) generalize the classical notion of permutation patterns within the framework of pattern avoidance. Building on recent work by Burstein, Han, Kitaev, and Zhang, which introduced the concept of shape-Wilf-equivalence of sets of patterns, we develop the notions of \emph{ordinal} and \emph{disjoint sums} of labeled posets. This

Changhui Tan, Liutang Xue, Zhilong Xue

In this paper, we revisit the patch solutions for a class of inviscid whole-space active scalar equations that interpolate between the 2D Euler equation and the $\alpha$-SQG equation. Compared with the 2D Euler equation in vorticity form, there is an additional Fourier multiplier $m(\Lambda)$ ($\Lambda = (-\Delta)^{1/2}$) in the Biot-Savart law. If the symbo

Zoe Hackshaw, Keith Hawkins, Catherine Manea

Preliminary astrometric data from the fourth data release of the $Gaia$ mission revealed a 33 M$_{\odot}$ dark companion to a metal-poor red giant star, deemed $Gaia$ BH3. This system hosts both the most massive known stellar-origin black hole and the lowest-metallicity star yet discovered in orbit around a black hole. The formation pathway for this peculiar

Marcin Chrapek, Meni Orenbach, Ahmad Atamli, Marcin Copik

Disaggregated storage with NVMe-over-Fabrics (NVMe-oF) has emerged as the standard solution in modern supercomputers and data center clusters, achieving superior performance, resource utilization, and power efficiency. Simultaneously, confidential computing (CC) is becoming the de facto security paradigm, enforcing stronger isolation and protection for sensi

Valentina Casarino, Paolo Ciatti, Peter Sjögren

We prove that the jump quasi-seminorm of order $\varrho= 2$ for a general Ornstein--Uhlenbeck semigroup $\left(\mathcal H_t\right)_{t>0}$ in $\mathbb R^n$ defines an operator of weak type $(1,1)$ with respect to the invariant measure. This provides an example of a weak-type jump inequality for a nonsymmetric semigroup in a nondoubling measure space. Our resu

Kazi Mazba Kamal, Alamgir Kabir

The hexagonal multiferroic oxide YMnO$_3$ has demonstrated applications in various fields and is widely researched due to its interesting properties. Since Mn(3d)--O(2p) interactions predominate close to the Fermi level, doping in the B-site (Mn) with Fe provides a way to modulate the band gap and magnetic order of YMnO$_3$. The need for a lead-free ferroele

Noah Berthusen, Elijah Durso-Sabina

There have been significant recent advances in constructing theoretical and practical quantum error correcting codes that function well as quantum memories; however, performing fault-tolerant logical gates on these codes is less studied, and the protocols that do exist often require significant complexity. Building off the symplectic double construction, we

Ranier Menote, Valerio Marra

Bright sirens, i.e. gravitational-wave detections of compact binary mergers with electromagnetic counterparts, provide a self-calibrated distance-redshift relation and are therefore powerful probes of cosmic expansion. Using the CosmoDC2_BCO catalog, we forecast cosmological constraints from current (LVK) and next-generation (ET, CE) detector networks, in co

Patterson Hsieh, Jerry Yeh, Mao-Chi He, Wen-Han Hsieh

Climate change is intensifying the occurrence of harmful algal bloom (HAB), particularly cyanobacteria, which threaten aquatic ecosystems and human health through oxygen depletion, toxin release, and disruption of marine biodiversity. Traditional monitoring approaches, such as manual water sampling, remain labor-intensive and limited in spatial and temporal

Reinosuke Kusano, Keith Horne, Friedrich Koenig, Miguel Yulo Asuncion

We investigate the accumulation of null matter at the stable photon sphere in the Mannheim-Kazanas metric, the analogue to the Schwarzschild solution in Weyl's conformal theory of gravity. In our toy problem in which we consider an infinitely-thin shell, we find that a jump in radial pressure ${T^r}_r$ is induced across the shell unless the shell has a radiu

Deaglan J. Bartlett, Shivam Pandey

In cosmology, emulators play a crucial role by providing fast and accurate predictions of complex physical models, enabling efficient exploration of high-dimensional parameter spaces that would be computationally prohibitive with direct numerical simulations. Symbolic emulators have emerged as promising alternatives to numerical approaches, delivering compar

Sean P. Carroll

We present a general construction of eventually periodic projective resolutions for modules over quotients of rings of finite left global dimension by a regular central element. Our approach utilizes a construction of Shamash, combined with the iterated mapping cone technique, to systematically 'purge' homology from a complex. The construction is applied spe

P. Fernandez de Cordoba, S. Gavasso, J. M. Isidro

We consider a positively curved FLRW spacetime as a background in which a nonrelativistic quantum particle propagates according to the Schroedinger equation. The probability fluid for the corresponding quantum states is taken as a model for the cosmological fluid filling this FLRW Universe. The Hamiltonian operator governing this fictitious particle is propo

Zhen Tao, Mansi Bhati, Joseph E. Subotnik

In order to model experimental non-resonant Raman optical activity, chemists must compute a host of second-order response tensors, (e.g. the electric-dipole magnetic-dipole polarizability) and their nuclear derivatives along a set of vibrational modes. While these response functions are almost always computed within a Born-Oppenheimer (BO) framework, here we

Taha Binhuraib, Greta Tuckute, Nicholas Blauch

Spatial functional organization is a hallmark of biological brains: neurons are arranged topographically according to their response properties, at multiple scales. In contrast, representations within most machine learning models lack spatial biases, instead manifesting as disorganized vector spaces that are difficult to visualize and interpret. Here, we pro

Bunlong Lay, Rostislav Makarov, Simon Welker, Maris Hillemann

Online Speech Enhancement was mainly reserved for predictive models. A key advantage of these models is that for an incoming signal frame from a stream of data, the model is called only once for enhancement. In contrast, generative Speech Enhancement models often require multiple calls, resulting in a computational complexity that is too high for many online

Kasun R. Wijewardhana, Animesh Yadav, Ming Zeng, Mohamed Elsayed

Waveguide-based pinching-antenna systems (PASS) have recently emerged as a promising solution to mitigate severe propagation losses in millimeter-wave and terahertz bands by intelligently and flexibly establishing line-of-sight links. However, their reliance on wire-based feeding confines deployment to areas near the base station (BS), limiting installation

Clarissa Mora, Fabio Bacchini, Rony Keppens

The generation of nonthermal electrons during solar flares plays a critical role in energy transport from the corona to the chromosphere, producing regions of observed intense X-ray emission. Turbulence in post-flare loops, particularly from Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities (KHI), has been suggested and investigated as a mechanism for trapping and accelerating

Özgür Akarsu, Eleonora Di Valentino, Jiří Vyskočil, Ezgi Yılmaz

We present relativistic $N$-body simulations of a $\Lambda_{\rm s}$CDM - sign-switching cosmological constant (CC) - scenario under general relativity and compare its nonlinear matter power spectrum to $\Lambda$CDM at ${z = 15,\,2,\,1,\,0}$, using best-fit parameters from Planck-only and a combined ''full'' dataset. During the AdS-like CC ($\Lambda_{\rm s}<0

Zhenqi He, Yuanpei Liu, Kai Han

This paper investigates the problem of Generalized Category Discovery (GCD). Given a partially labelled dataset, GCD aims to categorize all unlabelled images, regardless of whether they belong to known or unknown classes. Existing approaches typically depend on either single-level semantics or manually designed abstract hierarchies, which limit their general

Hao Wang, Ying Zhou, Haoyu Zhao, Rui Wang

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) enables real-time view synthesis in colonoscopy but assumes static illumination, making it incompatible with the strong photometric variations caused by the moving light source and camera. This mismatch leads existing methods to compensate for illumination attenuation with structure-violating Gaussians, degrading geometric fideli

Hiroshi Nonaka, K. E. Perry

Evaluating the creative capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in complex tasks often requires human assessments that are difficult to scale. We introduce a novel, scalable methodology for evaluating LLM story generation by analyzing underlying social structures in narratives as signed character networks. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we conduct a

Mark Braverman, Zhongtian He

The network coding problem asks whether data throughput in a network can be increased using coding (compared to treating bits as commodities in a flow). While it is well-known that a network coding advantage exists in directed graphs, the situation in undirected graphs is much less understood -- in particular, despite significant effort, it is not even known

Laurent Bienvenu, Hugo Gimbert, Subin Pulari

Finite-state dimension quantifies the asymptotic rate of information in an infinite sequence as perceived by finite automata. For a fixed alphabet, the infinite sequences that have maximal finite-state dimension are exactly those that are Borel normal, i.e., in which all words of any given length appear with the same frequency. A theorem of Schnorr and Stimm

Yuxin Cheng, Binxiao Huang, Wenyong Zhou, Taiqiang Wu

3D Gaussian Splatting (3D-GS) achieves real-time photorealistic novel view synthesis, yet struggles with complex scenes due to over-reconstruction artifacts, manifesting as local blurring and needle-shape distortions. While recent approaches attribute these issues to insufficient splitting of large-scale Gaussians, we identify two fundamental limitations: gr

Jainil Dharmil Shah, Behrooz Khorshidvand, Niloofar Gilani Larimi, Adel Guitouni

In recent years, there has been growing interest in building closed-loop supply chains (SCs). However, many of the current methods struggle when it comes to fully embracing circular economy principles. Enhancing the design and management of these networks holds significant potential to promote stronger collaboration among supply chain partners, ultimately fo

Aleksey S. Roshal, Olga V. Konevtsova, Sergei B. Rochal

Classical Landau theory considers structural phase transitions and crystallization as a condensation of several critical density waves whose wave vectors are symmetrically equivalent. Analyzing the simplest nonequilibrium Landau potentials obtained for decagonal and dodecagonal cases, we derive constraints on the phases of the critical waves and deduce two p

Ruolin Liu, Jerome Quintin, Niayesh Afshordi

We present a quantum quadratic gravity inflationary scenario that can accommodate the new cosmological constraints, which have disfavored Starobinsky inflation. The theory is asymptotically free in the ultraviolet, but 1-loop running is found to dynamically lead to slow-roll inflation toward the infrared. When a large number of matter fields contribute to th

Matteo Grotti, Sara Marzella, Gabriella Bettonte, Daniele Ottaviani

Quantum computing has quickly emerged as a revolutionary paradigm that holds the potential for greatly enhanced computational capability and algorithmic efficiency, in a wide range of areas. Among the various hardware platforms, neutral atom quantum processors based on Rydberg interactions are gaining increasing interest because of their scalability, qubit-c

Ming Li, Pei Chen, Zhenhao Zhang, Tao Yang

Large Language Models demonstrate strong capabilities in single-turn instruction following but suffer from Lost-in-Conversation (LiC), a degradation in performance as information is revealed progressively in multi-turn settings. Motivated by the current progress on Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), we propose Curriculum Reinforcement Lea

Wan Fokkink, Rob van Glabbeek

In a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), communication is wireless and nodes can move independently. Properly analyzing the functional correctness, performance, and security of MANET protocols is a challenging task. A wide range of formal specification and analysis techniques have been employed in the analysis of MANET protocols. This survey presents an overview

Yhonatan Kvich, Rotem Arie, Hana Hasan, Shaik Basheeruddin Shah

Modulo sampling enables acquisition of signals with unlimited dynamic range by folding the input into a bounded interval prior to sampling, thus eliminating the risk of signal clipping and preserving information without requiring highresolution ADCs. While this enables low-cost hardware, the nonlinear distortion introduced by folding presents recovery challe

Sidhant Narula, Javad Rafiei Asl, Mohammad Ghasemigol, Eduardo Blanco

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to multi-turn jailbreak attacks. We introduce HarmNet, a modular framework comprising ThoughtNet, a hierarchical semantic network; a feedback-driven Simulator for iterative query refinement; and a Network Traverser for real-time adaptive attack execution. HarmNet systematically explores and refines the adversari

Ranier Menote, Valerio Marra, Riccardo Sturani, Felipe Andrade-Oliveira

We release CosmoDC2_BCO, a synthetic catalog of gravitational-wave events and electromagnetic counterparts associated with galaxies from CosmoDC2. The catalog provides intrinsic and extrinsic source parameters, signal-to-noise ratios, parameter uncertainties, sky localization areas, and kilonova apparent magnitudes in LSST filters. Our results show that thir

Shihao Li, Yuanxing Zhang, Jiangtao Wu, Zhide Lei

Although Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in video captioning, practical applications require captions that follow specific user instructions rather than generating exhaustive, unconstrained descriptions. Current benchmarks, however, primarily assess descriptive comprehensiveness while largely overlooking instruction-fol

Josh McGiff, Nikola S. Nikolov

Fine-tuning is widely used to tailor large language models for specific tasks such as neural machine translation (NMT). However, leveraging transfer learning is computationally expensive when fine-tuning large multilingual models with billions of parameters, thus creating a barrier to entry for researchers working on low-resource domains such as Irish transl

Enes Yavuz Ugan, Ngoc-Quan Pham, Alexander Waibel

Despite achieving impressive results on standard benchmarks, large foundational models still struggle against code-switching test cases. When data scarcity cannot be used as the usual justification for poor performance, the reason may lie in the infrequent occurrence of code-switched moments, where the embedding of the second language appears subtly. Instead

Enes Yavuz Ugan, Ngoc-Quan Pham, Alexander Waibel

Large speech foundation models achieve strong performance across many domains, but they often require adaptation to handle local needs such as code-switching, where speakers mix languages within the same utterance. Direct fine-tuning of these models risks overfitting to the target domain and overwriting the broad capabilities of the base model. To address th

Alexandros Eskenazis, Manor Mendel, Assaf Naor

We design a deterministic algorithm that, given $n$ points in a \emph{typical} constant degree regular~graph, queries $O(n)$ distances to output a constant factor approximation to the average distance among those points, thus answering a question posed in~\cite{MN14}. Our algorithm uses the method of~\cite{MN14} to construct a sequence of constant degree gra

Lydia J. Gabric, Kenneth Q. Zhou

Natural hedging allows life insurers to manage longevity risk internally by offsetting the opposite exposures of life insurance and annuity liabilities. Although many studies have proposed natural hedging strategies under different settings, calibration methods, and mortality models, a unified framework for constructing and evaluating such hedges remains und

Roman D. Oleinik

We extend the characterization of the Bourgain-Brezis-Mironescu type for maps from certain metric measure spaces to arbitrary metric spaces to a broader class of mollifiers.

Chengwen Du, Tao Chen

To mitigate unfair and unethical discrimination over sensitive features (e.g., gender, age, or race), fairness testing plays an integral role in engineering systems that leverage AI models to handle tabular data. A key challenge therein is how to effectively reveal fairness bugs under an intractable sample size using perturbation. Much current work has been

Qishen Han, Biaoshuai Tao, Lirong Xia, Chengkai Zhang

We study the approval-based multi-winner election problem where $n$ voters jointly decide a committee of $k$ winners from $m$ candidates. We focus on the axiom \emph{average justified representation} (AJR) proposed by Fernandez, Elkind, Lackner, Garcia, Arias-Fisteus, Basanta-Val, and Skowron (2017). AJR postulates that every group of voters with a common pr

Michael H. Stewart, Michael W. Swift, Farwa Awan, Liam Burke

Semiconductor nanoplatelets possess exceptional optical properties that make them promising candidates for next-generation optoelectronic applications. However, unlike quantum dots where absorption spectroscopy alone can determine both size and concentration, nanoplatelets present a significant characterization challenge: the absorption peak position reveals

Siyong Jian, Huan Wang

Autoregressive image generation models like Janus-Pro produce high-quality images, but at the significant cost of high memory and ever-growing computational demands due to the large number of visual tokens. While KV cache compression has been extensively studied in language modeling, it still remains largely unexplored for the image generation domain. In thi

Katherine Zhang, Arjun Arunasalam, Pubali Datta, Z. Berkay Celik

International students (IntlS) in the US refer to foreign students who acquire student visas to study in the US, primarily in higher education. As IntlS arrive in the US, they face several challenges, such as adjusting to a new country and culture, securing housing remotely, and arranging finances for tuition and personal expenses. These experiences, coupled

Changkun Liu, Bin Tan, Zeran Ke, Shangzhan Zhang

This paper addresses metric 3D reconstruction of indoor scenes by exploiting their inherent geometric regularities with compact representations. Using planar 3D primitives - a well-suited representation for man-made environments - we introduce PLANA3R, a pose-free framework for metric Planar 3D Reconstruction from unposed two-view images. Our approach employ

Joongkyu Lee, Seouh-won Yi, Min-hwan Oh

We study online preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) with the goal of improving sample efficiency. While a growing body of theoretical work has emerged-motivated by PbRL's recent empirical success, particularly in aligning large language models (LLMs)-most existing studies focus only on pairwise comparisons. A few recent works (Zhu et al., 2023, Mu

Irene Perez-Salesa, Rodrigo Aldana-Lopez, Carlos Sagues

In this technical note, we prove that the ODEFTC algorithm constitutes the first optimal distributed state estimator for continuous-time linear time-varying systems subject to stochastic disturbances. Particularly, we formally show that it is able to asymptotically recover the performance, in terms of error covariance of the estimates at each node, of the ce

Bertha Ngereja, Magne Jørgensen

Agile software development emphasizes flexibility and iterative processes, which may conflict with the more linear, rigid, and time-consuming traditional funding and contracting approaches. This review synthesizes real-life experiences of using alternative (non-traditional) contracting and funding approaches. The focus is on identifying approaches that align

Harshal S. Raut, Jung-Hee Seo, Rajat Mittal

Flapping foils are widely studied as bioinspired propulsors, yet most investigations have focused on regular, sinusoidal kinematics. In realistic environments, however, irregular motions arise naturally due to environmental disturbances, fluid-structure interactions, and control inputs, but their hydrodynamic consequences remain largely unexplored. One syste

Kamal Majee, Somesh Chamoli, Malaya K. Nayak, Achintya Kumar Dutta

We propose a relativistic unitary coupled cluster (UCC) expectation value approach for computing first-order properties of heavy-element systems. Both perturbative (UCC3) and non-perturbative (qUCC) commutator-based formulations are applied to evaluate ground-state properties, including the permanent dipole moment (PDM), magnetic hyperfine structure (HFS) co

Debasis Mishra, Soumendu Sarkar, Arunava Sen, Jay Sethuraman

The Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act (2009) (RTE) of the Government of India prescribes student-teacher ratios for state-run schools. One method advocated by the Act to achieve its goals is the redeployment of teachers from surplus to deficit (in teacher strength) schools. We consider a model where teachers can either remain in their initially assi

P. Laskos-Patkos, S. Papadopoulos, Ch. C. Moustakidis

In the past years, a significant effort has been made with the scope of determining correlations, involving compact star properties, that are independent of the nuclear equation of state. Such universal relations are of utmost importance as they allow for the imposition of constraints on stellar properties without directly measuring them and they may also se

Peiqin Zhuang, Lei Bai, Yichao Wu, Ding Liang

Recently, action recognition has been dominated by transformer-based methods, thanks to their spatiotemporal contextual aggregation capacities. However, despite the significant progress achieved on scene-related datasets, they do not perform well on motion-sensitive datasets due to the lack of elaborate motion modeling designs. Meanwhile, we observe that the

Eric T. Wolf, Edward W. Schwieterman, Jacob Haqq-Misra, Thomas J. Fauchez

TRAPPIST-1 e is one of a few habitable zone exoplanets that is amenable to characterization in the near term. In this study our motivations are both scientific and technical. Our technical goal is to establish a multimodel sparse sampled ensemble approach for coherently exploring large unconstrained parameter spaces typical in exoplanet science. Our science

Yiqi Lin, Alex Jinpeng Wang, Linjie Li, Zhengyuan Yang

Contrastive vision-language models such as CLIP have demonstrated strong performance across a wide range of multimodal tasks by learning from aligned image-text pairs. However, their ability to handle complex, real-world web documents remains limited, particularly in scenarios where text and images are interleaved, loosely aligned, or embedded in visual form

Siteng Fan, François Forget, Michael D. Smith, R. John Wilson

The Martian atmosphere experiences large diurnal variations due to the ~24.6 h planetary rotation and its low heat capacity. Understanding such variations on a planetary scale is limited due to the lack of observations, which are greatly addressed with the recent advent of the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM). As a result of its unique high-altitude orbit, instru

Yibin Wang, Zhimin Li, Yuhang Zang, Jiazi Bu

Recent progress in text-to-image (T2I) generation underscores the importance of reliable benchmarks in evaluating how accurately generated images reflect the semantics of their textual prompt. However, (1) existing benchmarks lack the diversity of prompt scenarios and multilingual support, both essential for real-world applicability; (2) they offer only coar

Peter Seigo Kincaid, Lorenzo De Marinis, Francesco Testa, Nicola Andriolli

Quantum mechanics provides a secure means of generating random numbers, with applications in fields spanning scientific simulation to cryptography. The first source-device-independent monolithically integrated quantum random number generator is reported. With a generation rate of 35 Gbit/s, the device is based on an InP photonic integrated circuit with a qua