Mapping the Information Geometry of an Unresolved Dark Matter Population using a Differentiable Strong Lensing Simulator

Abstract

Strong gravitational lensing is a unique probe of the matter power spectrum on small scales, where the abundance of dark matter subhalos in galaxies could be used to distinguish the predictions of the concordance cold dark matter model from alternatives such as warm dark matter. Extracting this signal poses major computational challenges, since perturbations of the lensing potential induced by substructure can be degenerate with both the macro-model of the lens and highly flexible models of the background source. Here, we introduce a framework to quantify these degeneracies using a differentiable strong-lensing simulator. Substructure is represented in a spectral basis confined to an annular domain surrounding the lensed image, allowing signals from a population of NFW subhalos to be encoded in a finite vector space. We then use the Fisher matrix to determine how much information about substructure is absorbed by nuisance components of the model. We find that macro-model degeneracies are largely confined to low-order perturbations of the lensing potential, while degeneracies with the source model can strongly suppress sensitivity across a broad range of scales as the expressivity of the source model is increased. Finally, we introduce the Fisher Graph Laplacian prior as a diagnostic tool to study how the internal degeneracies of the source model can be used to regulate the sensitivity of the data to an unresolved population of dark matter subhalos.