Dual function of plasma-activated water in lettuce: growth promoter and nitrogen source under nitrogen-sufficient/-deprived conditions

Abstract

Cold atmospheric plasma generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) that dissolve in water, forming plasma-activated water (PAW) and inducing complex chemical changes and biological responses. PAW, enriched with nitrogen (N) species, emerges as a sustainable alternative to fertilizers by combining signaling (ROS) and N supplementation (RNS). This study investigates the dual role of PAW in lettuce, Lactuca sativa (cv. Matilda), grown under either N-sufficient or N-deprived half-strength Hoagland solutions. Four treatments were evaluated: control, seed priming in PAW-activated Hoagland, PAW-activated Hoagland cultivation, and the combination of the latter two, under both N-content regimes. Under N-sufficient conditions, seed priming in PAW increased lettuce head fresh weight by up to 40%, chlorophyll a+b by 25%, and sensory scores (freshness and juiciness) compared with the control. Under N-deprived conditions, PAW partially compensated for N deficiency, increasing plant growth by up to 50%, photosynthetic pigments and quercetin by up to 20%, and antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., APX and G-POX increased up to 2-fold). Principal component analysis confirmed N content as the primary driver of variance (PC1, 69-71%), with PAW modulating redox homeostasis in a tissue-specific manner. Our results demonstrate the capacity of PAW to enhance plant growth, metabolism, and quality even under N-deprived conditions, addressing key gaps in plasma agriculture by highlighting the nutritional and signaling contributions of PAW. PAW therefore represents a promising and environmentally friendly strategy.